Luxembourg

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national official sources Definition: An ambassador is a diplomatic official accredited to a foreign sovereign or government, or to an international organisation, to serve as the official representative of his or her own country. In everyday usage it applies to the top ranking government representative stationed in a foreign country. .. - data not available Country: Belarus Including consuls genaral Country: Cyprus Reference period (2008): data refer to 2009 Country: Cyprus Territorial change (2006 onward): Government controlled area only. Country: Finland Reference period (2013): situation in March 3, 2014 Country: Georgia Territorial change (1995 onward): Data do not cover Abkhazia AR and Tskhinvali Region. Country: Iceland Data refers to number at end of year. Country: Kazakhstan 1990: data refer to 1992-1994; 1995: data refer to 1999. Country: Latvia Change in definition (1995 - 2012): Data refer to Ambassadors, Ambassadors-at-large, Consuls General, Vice Consuls. Country: Montenegro 2008: data refer to 2009. Country: Slovakia Reference period (2015): Data refer to October 20, 2015. Data refer to heads of Diplomatic missions of the Slovak Republic (Ambassadors, Charge d?affaires, Consul General etc.) Country: Spain 2013 data correspond to 24 January 2014. 2015 data correspond to 15 July 2015. Country: Switzerland Change in definition (1980 - onwards): Data include only heads of missions, i.e. exclude collaborators with ambassador title.

Data are the result of the annual structure of government debt survey and cover the EU countries as well as Norway. The following series are available: Central government gross debt by initital maturity and sector of debt holder; State government gross debt by initital maturity and sector of debt holder; Local government gross debt by initital maturity and sector of debt holder; Social security funds gross debt by initital maturity and sector of debt holder; General government gross debt by initital maturity and sector of debt holder; Debt by currency of issuance; Government guarantees (contingent liabilities); Average remaining maturity of debt; Apparent cost of the debt; Market value of debt.

Data are the result of the annual structure of government debt survey and cover the EU countries as well as Norway. The following series are available: Central government gross debt by initital maturity and sector of debt holder; State government gross debt by initital maturity and sector of debt holder; Local government gross debt by initital maturity and sector of debt holder; Social security funds gross debt by initital maturity and sector of debt holder; General government gross debt by initital maturity and sector of debt holder; Debt by currency of issuance; Government guarantees (contingent liabilities); Average remaining maturity of debt; Apparent cost of the debt; Market value of debt.

Committee on Contributions: Contributions received for 2020 for the United Nations Regular Budget As of 23 September 2020, 121 Member States have paid their regular budget assessments in full.   Net assessment Date is the "Date of Payment" and Number of Member States values as at month end.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national official sources. Definition: A ministry is a department of a government, led by a minister. A minister (sometimes called secretary) is a politician who holds significant public office in a national cabinet and is entrusted with the management of a division of governmental activities. A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. Core ministries include: Cabinet of Prime Minister, Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Justice. General note: Reference period: any fixed date of the year. .. - data not available Country: Estonia 2015: Data refers to composition after September 14, 2015. 2014: Data refers to composition between November 17, 2014 to April 9, 2015. Country: Georgia Territorial change (2004 onward): Data do not cover Abkhazia AR and Tskhinvali Region. Country: Israel 1990: data refer to average from 1988-1990, 1995: data refer to average from 1992-1995, 2000: data refer to average from 1999-2001. Country: Latvia Reference period (1990): data refer to 1991. Country: Moldova, Republic of Additional information (1980): Data include the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of Bender Country: Moldova, Republic of Additional information (1990): Data include the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of Bender Data exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of Bender Country: Moldova, Republic of Additional information (1995 onward): Data exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of Bender Country: Montenegro Additional information (2006): Ministry for Defense was formed in 2006. Country: Portugal 2008: data refer to 2009. Country: Slovakia Data for 2014 refer to 15 March. Data for 2015 refer to 20 November. Country: Switzerland Change in definition (1980 - onwards): All the 7 ministers in Switzerland are considered as being head of a Core Ministry.

20.1. Source data

The IMF’s Fiscal Decentralization Dataset compiles indicators widely used by academics and policymakers to assess recent trends, conduct benchmark analysis, and identify the causes, and consequences of fiscal decentralization for a global sample of IMF members.   Fiscal decentralization indicators are computed using fiscal data on flows and stocks of the general government sector disaggregated between central and subnational government subsectors (state/provincial/regional, and local) measured within the framework of the Government Finance Statistics Manual, 2014.

Public deficit/surplus is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as general government net borrowing/lending according to the European System of Accounts. The general government sector comprises central government, state government, local government, and social security funds. The relevant definitions are provided in Council Regulation 479/2009, as amended.

The general government deficit/surplus is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as general government net lending (+)/net borrowing (-) according to the European System of Accounts. The general government sector comprises central government, state government, local government, and social security funds. The relevant definitions are provided in Council Regulation 479/2009, as amended.

General government gross fixed capital formation (ESA 2010 code P.51g) consists of resident producers' acquisitions, less disposals of fixed assets during a given period plus certain additions to the value of non-produced assets realised by the productive activity of government producer or units. Fixed assets are produced assets used in production for more than one year.

The general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA 2010): currency and deposits (AF.2), debt securities (AF.3), and loans (AF.4). General government sector includes the following subsectors: central government, state government, local government and social security funds. Basic data are expressed in national currency, converted into euro using end-year exchange rates for the euro provided by the European Central Bank (ECB). The debt of the Euro area and EU aggregates is consolidated by removal of the loans that Member States have granted to other Member States. In order to reflect economic and technological developments and meet user needs, in September 2014 the new national accounting framework ESA 2010 replaced the previous framework ESA 95. This led to revisions of the time series for all Member States (please see Eurostat press release for the impact of the revisions on the government deficit and debt ratios). The changes to government debt relate to the classification of certain entities into government.

General government gross fixed capital formation (ESA 2010 code P.51g) consists of resident producers' acquisitions, less disposals of fixed assets during a given period plus certain additions to the value of non-produced assets realised by the productive activity of government producer or units. Fixed assets are produced assets used in production for more than one year.

General government output (ESA 2010 code P.1) consists of the products created by general government institutional units (i.e. units within the subsectors central government, state government, local government or social security funds). ESA 2010 category P.1 includes three types of output: market output, output for own final use and non-market output.

Text from source:Please note that this content is no longer being updated. The tax rate information on this page was last updated in January 2021 and the below historical tax rate data is available for reference only. For the latest information and insights on Global Tax rates, and what they may mean for your organization, please speak with your local KPMG Tax professional. Thank you.

Government Finance Statistics (GFS) form the basis for fiscal monitoring in Europe. Annual government deficit and debt statistics are reported to the European Commission in the framework of the Excessive Deficit Procedure (EDP). Government revenue and expenditure, annual and quarterly, are reported by Member States under the ESA 95 transmission programme.  General government net borrowing/net lending (deficit/surplus), and general government debt, form two of the convergence criteria for EMU. The following series are as reported in the EDP tables:Deficit/surplus of the general government sector;General government debt;General government gross fixed capital formation;General government primary balanceIntergovernmental lending within the EU and euro area in the context of the financial crisis.  Total general government revenue and total general government expenditure annual series are reported by national authorities in ESA table 2 of the ESA 95 transmission programme.  General government deficit/surplus and general government debt quarterly series are reported by national authorities in ESA tables 25 and 28, respectively, of the ESA 95 transmission programme.

Government effectiveness captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies. The Worldwide Governance Indicators report on six broad dimensions of governance for 215 countries over the period 1996-2014: Voice and Accountability, Political Stability and Absence of Violence, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law and Control of Corruption.

National Accounts of Costa Rica

This dataset provides a comprehensive view of government revenue, including detailed classifications of taxes, social contributions, grants receivable, and other revenue.

This dataset provides an overview of government’s cash flows, as summarized in the Statement of Sources and Uses of Cash, for those countries compiling GFS on a noncash basis (for example, an accrual basis) and are also including a cash flow statement.

This dataset provides a comprehensive view of the integrated balance sheet. In other words, changes between the opening and closing stock positions in assets and liabilities are explained through transactions, holding gains/losses, and other changes in the volume of assets and liabilities. Data on net investment in non-financial assets – a component of total expenditure – on its components and related stock positions are provided.

This dataset provides an overview of government operations and stock positions, as well as several derived balances. The Statement of Government Operations shows revenue and expense, with their main components, the operating balance and net lending/net borrowing, as well as financing. The Balance sheet shows stock positions in assets and liabilities, with their main components, as well as net worth and net financial worth. In addition, data on gross debt and net debt are included.

The data on contingent liabilities and potential obligations of government are collected in the context of the Enhanced Economic Governance package (the "six-pack") adopted in 2011. In particular, Council Directive 2011/85 on requirements for budgetary frameworks of the Member States requires the Member States to publish relevant information on contingent liabilities with potentially large impacts on public budgets, including government guarantees, non-performing loans, and liabilities stemming from the operation of public corporations, including the extent thereof. The liabilities are called “contingent” in the sense that they are by nature only potential and not actual liabilities. Non-performing loans could imply a potential loss for government if these loans were not repaid. This new data collection represents a step towards further transparency of public finances in the EU by giving a more comprehensive picture of EU Member States’ financial positions3 It is to be underlined that contingent liabilities are not part of the general government (Maastricht) debt as defined in the Council Regulation (EC) No 479/2009 of 25 May 2009 on the application of the Protocol on the excessive deficit procedure annexed to the Treaty establishing the European Community. Eurostat collects and publishes the following indicators: government guarantees, liabilities related to public-private partnerships recorded off-balance sheet of government, liabilities of government controlled entities classified outside general government (public corporations) and non-performing loans. Regarding government controlled entities, it should be mentioned that this refers to  government controlled units, not classified in general government, and which are controlled, directly or indirectly (through other public units), by government. In cases when the government share in a corporation is lower than 50% and government does not have control over an entity, the corporation is not considered as controlled by government. Regarding the control criteria, according to ESA 2010 paragraph 20.18: “Control over an entity is the ability to determine the general policy or programme of that entity (…)”. The criteria to be used for corporations are indicated in ESA 2010 paragraphs 2.38 and further detailed in paragraph 20.309. ESA 2010 paragraph 2.38 specifies that: “General government secures control over a corpo­ration as a result of special legislation, decree or reg­ulation which empowers the government to deter­mine corporate policy. The following indicators are the main factors to consider in deciding whether a corporation is controlled by government:(a) government ownership of the majority of the voting interest; (b) government control of the board or governing body; (c) government control of the appointment and removal of key personnel;(d) government control of key committees in the entity; (e) government possession of a golden share; (f) special regulations; (g) government as a dominant customer; (h) borrowing from government. A single indicator may be sufficient to establish control, but, in other cases, a number of separate indicators may collectively indicate control.”

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national official sources. Definition: A ministry is a department of a government, led by a minister. A minister (sometimes called a secretary) is a politician who holds significant public office in a national cabinet and is entrusted with the management of a division of governmental activities. A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. .. - data not available Country: Austria 1980: data refer to 1979. 1995: data refer to 1994. Country: Belarus Change in definition (2001 - 2015): Data include ministers, chairmen of state committees subordinated to the Government of the Republic of Belarus. Country: Belgium 2011: data refer to december 2011. Country: Cyprus Reference period (1980): Data refer to 1979. Country: Cyprus Reference period (1995): Data refer to 1994. Country: Cyprus Territorial change (1980 - 2013): Government controlled area only. Country: Estonia 2015: Data refers to composition after September 14, 2015. 2014: Data refers to composition between November 17, 2014 to April 9, 2015. Country: Georgia 1980: data refer to 1979. 1995: data refer to 1994. Country: Israel Additional information (2013): 2013 data - starting from 18/3/2013 Country: Israel Reference period (1990): data refer to average from 1988-1990 Country: Israel Reference period (1995): data refer to average from 1992-1995 Country: Israel Reference period (2000): data refer to average from 1999-2001. Country: Moldova, Republic of Additional information (1980): Data include the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of Bender Country: Moldova, Republic of Additional information (1990): Data include the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of Bender Data exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of Bender Country: Moldova, Republic of Additional information (1995 onward): Data exclude the territory of the Transnistria and municipality of Bender Country: Russian Federation Reference period (2000 - 2013): Data refer to the situation as of 1st of January of the following year. Country: Slovakia Data for 2014 refer to 15 March. Data for 2015 refer to 20 November.

Main revenue and expenditure items of the general government sector, notified by national authorities in Table 2 of the ESA2010 transmission programme. Data are presented in millions of Euro, millions of national currency units and percentages of GDP. Geographic coverage: EU and euro area, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. Main sources of data: National authorities (National Statistical Institutes)

Data cited at: ICTD/UNU-WIDER, ‘Government Revenue Dataset’, 2018, https://www.wider.unu.edu/project/government-revenue-dataset' ICTD Government Revenue Dataset, 2018 A major obstacle to cross-country research on the role of revenue and taxation in development has been the weakness of available data. Government Revenue Dataset (GRD), developed through the International Centre for Tax and Development (ICTD), is aimed at overcoming this obstacle. It meticulously combines data from several major international databases, as well as drawing on data compiled from all available International Monetary Fund (IMF) Article IV reports. It achieves marked improvements in data coverage and accuracy, including a standardized approach to revenue from natural resources, and holds the promise of significant improvement in the credibility and robustness of research in this area. Dataset contains Central, General and merged government revenue data reported as % of GDP.

The Fiscal Monitor surveys and analyzes the latest public finance developments, it updates fiscal implications of the crisis and medium-term fiscal projections and assesses policies to put public finances on a sustainable footing. 

Within the last 12 months before the survey for private purposes. Derived variable on use of eGovernment services. Individuals used at least one of the following services: for obtaining information from public authorities websites, for downloading official forms, for submitting completed forms.

Within the last 12 months before the survey.

Data on grants by type is not available for all OECD countries. A partial dataset is available for one or more years in the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Canada, Estonia, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal. No data on grants by type is available for Germany, Israel, New Zealand, Slovak Republic, United Kingdom, United States. The different types of grants are defined as follows: Earmarked grants An earmarked grant is a grant that is given under the condition that it can only be used for a specific purpose. Non-earmarked grants Non-earmarked grants can be spent as if they were the receiving sub-national government's own (non-earmarked) tax revenues. Mandatory grants Mandatory grants (entitlements) are legal, rules-based obligations for the government that issues the grant. This requires that both the size of the grant and the conditions under which it is given be laid down in a statute or executive decree and that these conditions be both necessary and sufficient. Discretionary grants Discretionary grants, and the conditions under which they are given, are not determined by rules but decided on an ad hoc, discretionary basis. Discretionary grants are often temporary in nature and include, for example, grants for specific infrastructural projects or emergency aid to a disaster area. Matching grants Matching grants are grants designed to complement sub-national contributions. Matching grants are dependent on normative or actual spending for services for which the grants are earmarked or on local revenue collection related to these services. Non-matching grants Non-matching grants are grants not directly linked to any sub-national contribution. Current grants Current grants are grants assumed to be spent on either current or capital expenditures. Capital grants Capital grants are grants assumed to be spent only on capital expenditures.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national official sources Definition: The municipal council is the local government body that administers the territory at the lowest administrative level of a country. Local administrative levels are defined by each country. The administrative levels as referred to by the NUTS might serve as a starting point for EU and candidate countries. .. - data not available Country: Belarus Change in definition (2002 - 2015): Data include heads of villages, township and urban (cities under district jurisdiction) executive committees and their deputies. Since 2015, data also include heads of local administrations of cities under regional jurisdiction. Country: Bulgaria Change in definition (1995 - 2008): Data refer to Municipal councillors. Country: Bulgaria Reference period (1995): Data refer to 1996. Country: Croatia Change in definition (1995 - 2013): Data refer to members (representatives) of 21 county assemblies of the Republic of Croatia. Country: Croatia Reference period (1995): Data refer to 1993 Country: Croatia Reference period (2000): Data refer to 1997 Country: Cyprus Government controlled area only. Country: France Data include mayors as well as members of municipal councils. Country: France Reference period (1980): data refer to 1983. Country: Georgia Territorial change (2006 onward): Data do not cover Abkhazia AR and Tskhinvali Region. Country: Iceland Data of the reference year refer to most recent results of local government elections. Country: Latvia Change in definition (1980 - 2013): Based on the election of municipal councils. Data excludes mayors. Country: Russian Federation Reference period (2000 - 2013): Data refer to the situation as of 1st of January of the following year. Country: Serbia Territorial change (2004 - 2012): Data exclude territory of Kosovo and Metohija. Country: Slovakia Reference period (2014): Data refer to November, 15, 2014. Country: Spain Data do not include members of the Provincial Deputations, Statutory Deputations, Town Councils and Island Councils. In 2015 there are 4 record for which sex is unknown. Country: Sweden Change in definition (2002): Data take into account re-election in Orsa in 2003. Country: Sweden Change in definition (2010): Data take into account re-election in Orebro in 2011. Country: Sweden Change in definition (2014): Data do not take into account re-election in Bastad in 2015. Country: Switzerland Change in definition (2001 - onwards): Data include municipalities with at least 10000 inhabitants and the number of those municipalities is changing over years. Country: Turkey Change in definition (2004 - 2009): Data include Mayors, City councillors and Members of Provincial Assemblies. Country: United Kingdom Reference period (1995): Data refer to 1997

.. - data not available Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international official sources (Inter-Parliamentary Union). Definition: Members of parliament are the persons elected to the lower or single house by the persons entitled to vote in the country. The parliament is the legislative or deliberative assembly; one or more chambers or assemblies that form (or form part of) the legislature of a country. Data refer to the lower or single house. General note: Data refer to 1st July of the reference year. Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina 1980: data refer to 1978. Country: Bulgaria 1995: data refer to 1997. Country: Canada 1995: data refer to 1997 Country: Croatia In 1980 and 1990, the Croatian Parliament was differently structured (there were more deputies, there was no division on upper and lower house of parliament). Country: Cyprus 1995: data refer to 1997. Geographical coverage: data refer to Government controlled areas only. Country: Czechia Until 1992 data refer to deputies of Czech National Council, later to members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic. Country: Estonia 1990: data refer to 1992 when the first parliament elections took place. Country: France 1980: data refer to the 1981 election. Country: Georgia Excluding Abkhaz AR and Tskhinvali Region. Country: Germany In 1990, the total number of members was increased because of German reunification. 1995: data refer to 1994 Country: Greece 1995: data refer to 1996 Country: Israel 1995: data refer to 1996 Country: Italy 1995: data refer to 1996 Country: Lithuania 1990: data refer to 1992. 1995: data refer to 1996. Country: Norway 1980: data refer to 1981. 1990: data refer to 1989. Country: Poland 1995: data refer to 1997 Country: Romania 1995: data refer to 1996 Country: Slovakia 1990: data refer to 1992. Country: Slovenia 1995: data refer to 1992 Country: Spain 1995: data refer to 1996 Country: Switzerland 1980: data refer to 1979. 1990: data refer to 1991. 2000: data refer to 1999. 2001: data refer to 2003 Country: United States 1995: date refer to 1996

Annual National Accounts>General Government Accounts>750. General Government Debt-Maastricht   Unit of measure used: National currency; current prices. Expressed in millions   Statistical population: Government debt as defined in the Maastricht Treaty (Source : Eurostat). Available for Europeans countries only. In the Protocol on the excessive deficit procedure annexed to the Maastricht Treaty, government debt is defined as the debt of the whole general government sector: gross, consolidated and nominal value (face value). It excludes the other accounts payable (AF.7), as well as, if they exist, insurance technical reserve (AF.6).

It provides a breakdown of government expenditure according to their function. To meet this end, economic flows of expenditure must be aggregated according to the Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG).

National Health Accounts (NHA) provides evidence to monitor trends in health spending for all sectors- public and private, different health care activities, providers, diseases, population groups and regions in a country. It helps in developing nationals

University of Oxford baseline measure of variation in governments’ responses is the COVID-19 Government Response Stringency Index. This composite measure is a simple additive score of seven indicators measured on an ordinal scale, rescaled to vary from 0 to 100. Please note that this measure is for comparative purposes only, and should not necessarily be interpreted as rating of the appropriateness or effectiveness of a country's response.   Data cited at: Hale, Thomas and Samuel Webster (2020). Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. Data use policy: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY standard.

Share of EU population covered by the new Convenant of Mayors per Member State, as the ratio between the population of the cities that have signed in a country and the total population of that country.

The indicator measures confidence among EU citizens in a selection of EU institutions: the European Parliament, the European Commission, and the European Central Bank. It is expressed as the share of positive opinions (people who declare that they tend to trust) about the institutions. Citizens are asked to express their confidence levels by choosing the following alternatives: ‘tend to trust’, ‘tend not to trust’ and ‘don’t know’ or ‘no answer’. The indicator is based on the Eurobarometer, a survey which has been conducted twice a year since 1973 to monitor the evolution of public opinion in the Member States. The indicator only displays the results of the autumn survey.

The Principal Global Indicators (PGI) dataset provides internationally comparable data for the Group of 20 economies (G-20) and economies with systemically important financial sectors that are not members of the G-20. The PGI facilitates the monitoring of economic and financial developments for these jurisdictions. Launched in 2009, the PGI website is hosted by the IMF and is a joint undertaking of the Inter-Agency Group of Economic and Financial Statistics (IAG).

Data given in this domain are collected annually by the National Statistical Institutes and are based on Eurostat's annual model questionnaires on ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) usage in households and by individuals. The model questionnaire changes every year. The changes of questions in the MQ are required by the evolving situation of information and communication technologies. Large part of the data collected are used in the context of the follow up of the Digital Single Market process (Monitoring the Digital Economy & Society  2016-2021). This conceptual framework follows the 2011 - 2015 benchmarking framework, the i2010 Benchmarking Framework and the eEurope 2005 Action Plan. ICT usage data are also used in the Consumer Conditions Scoreboard (purchases over the Internet) and in the Employment Guidelines (e-skills of individuals). The aim of the European ICT surveys is the timely provision of statistics on individuals and households on the use of Information and Communication Technologies at European level. Data for this collection are supplied directly from the surveys with no separate treatment. Coverage: The characteristics to be provided are drawn from the following list of subjects: access to and use of ICTs by individuals and/or in households,use of the Internet and other electronic networks for different purposes by individuals and/or in households,ICT security and trust,ICT competence and skills,barriers to the use of ICT and the Internet,perceived effects of ICT usage on individuals and/or on households,use of ICT by individuals to exchange information and services with governments and public administrations (e-government),access to and use of technologies enabling connection to the Internet or other networks from anywhere at any time (ubiquitous connectivity).Breakdowns (see details of available breakdowns): Relating to households: by region of residence (NUTS 1, optional: NUTS 2)by geographical location: less developed regions, transition regions, more developed regionsby degree of urbanisation (till 2012: densely/intermediate/sparsely populated areas; from 2012: densely/thinly populated area, intermediate density area) by type of householdby households net monthly income (optional) Relating to individuals: by region of residence (NUTS1, optional: NUTS 2)by geographical location: less developed regions, transition regions, more developed regionsby degree of urbanisation: (till 2012: densely/intermediate/sparsely populated areas; from 2012: densely/thinly populated area, intermediate density area)by genderby country of birth, country of citizenship (as of 2010, optional in 2010)by educational level: ISCED 1997 up to 2013 and ISCED 2011 from 2014 onwards.by occupation: manual, non-manual; ICT (coded by 2-digit ISCO categories)/non-ICT (optional: all 2-digit ISCO categories)by employment situationby age (in completed years and by groups)legal / de facto marital status (2011-2014, optional) Regional breakdowns (NUTS) are available only for a selection of indicators disseminated in the regional tables in Eurobase (Regional Information society statistics by NUTS regions (isoc_reg): Households with access to the internet at homeHouseholds with broadband accessIndividuals who have never used a computerIndividuals who used the internet, frequency of use and activitiesIndividuals who used the internet for interaction with public authoritiesIndividuals who ordered goods or services over the internet for private useIndividuals who accessed the internet away from home or work

These splits make it possible to characterize the structure of public finances in OECD countries according to the different types of welfare state. This, in turn, makes it possible for countries to compare themselves with other relevant member countries and may stimulate the national policy debate about questions such as decentralization, redistribution, privatization, the role of the non?profit sector and the application of user fees. Recommended uses and limitations The methodology applied to make the required splits has been developed since 2004 and has gradually become more accurate. The most recent methodology, used in the PFED of 2009, makes use of second level COFOG data and has been applied in a test procedure on five European countries (of which three are OECD countries) that have provided second level COFOG data to Eurostat. In the course of 2007 and 2008, more countries made available second level COFOG data to Eurostat.

The main objective of the research is to address the theoretical and empirical problems of how political institutions of high quality can be created and maintained. The second objective is to study the effects of Quality of Government on a number of policy areas, such as health, environment, social policy, and poverty. Data citation: Teorell, Jan, Aksel Sundström, Sören Holmberg, Bo Rothstein, Natalia Alvarado Pachon, Cem Mert Dalli, Rafael Lopez Valverde & Paula Nilsson. 2024. The Quality of Government Standard Dataset, version Jan24. University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute, https://www.gu.se/en/quality-government doi:10.18157/qogstdjan24

The data correspond to quarterly financial accounts for the general government sector and follows the ESA2010 methodology. The data covers financial transactions and balance sheet items for general government (consolidated and non-consolidated) and its subsectors. This includes a number of financial instruments (F.1, F.2, F.3, F.4, ...) as well as some balancing items such as net financial transactions, net financial worth and net financial assets and liabilties. Data are available in million of euro, million of national currency (average exchange rates are used for transactions and end of period exchange rates are used for stocks) and as a percentage of GDP (for transactions quarterly GDP is used; for stocks a rolling sum of the last four quarters is used). In the table gov_10a_ggfa, annualised quarterly financial accounts for general government are presented. For financial transactions, data is summed over the four quarters of each year. For the conversion from national currency into euro, the yearly average exchange rate is used. For balance sheet items (stocks), the annualised data corresponds to the data of the fourth quarter. The percentage of GDP data of annualised data uses annual GDP transmitted by the Member States. In the course of the annualisation, small rounding differences may be amplified. Geographic coverage: EU and euro area. Main data sources are the tables provided according to the European Parliament and Council Regulation (EU) N° 549/2013 of 21 May 2013 (OJ No L174/1).

Data given in this domain are collected on a yearly basis by the National Statistical Institutes or Ministries and are based on the annual Eurostat Model Questionnaires on ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) usage and e-commerce in enterprises. Large part of the data collected are used in the context of the 2011 - 2015 benchmarking framework (endorsed by i2010 High Level Group in November 2009) for the Digital Agenda Scoreboard, Europe's strategy for a flourishing digital economy by 2020. This conceptual framework follows the i2010 Benchmarking Framework which itself followed-up the eEurope 2005 Action Plan. The aim of the European ICT usage surveys is to collect and disseminate harmonised and comparable information on the use of Information and Communication Technologies in enterprises and e-commerce at European level. Coverage: The characteristics to be provided are drawn from the following list of subjects: ICT systems and their usage in enterprises,use of the Internet and other electronic networks by enterprises,e-commerce,e-business processes and organisational aspects,use of ICT by enterprises to exchange information and services with governments and public administrations (e-government),ICT competence in the enterprise and the need for ICT skills,barriers to the use of ICT, the Internet and other electronic networks, e-commerce and e-business processes,ICT expenditure and investment,ICT security and trust,use of ICT and its impact on the environment (Green ICT),access to and use of the Internet and other network technologies for connecting objects and devices (Internet of Things),access to and use of technologies providing the ability to connect to the Internet or other networks from anywhere at any time (ubiquitous connectivity).Breakdowns:by size class,by NACE categories,by region (until 2010)

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national official sources by UNECE Statistical Division and UN Women. Definition:Indicator 5.5.1(b) measures the proportion of positions held by women in local government.It is expressed as a percentage of elected positions held by women in legislative/ deliberative bodies of localgovernment. Read more about this on the UNECE Statistical Glossary. Country: Albania 2017: Administrative data based on most recent election results at municipal level (2015) and post-election replacements. Country: Andorra From 2015 onwards: Administrative data. Country: Armenia 2018: Administrative data. Data coverage include regional and community level, including Yerevan city. Country: Azerbaijan 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2014). Country: Belarus 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2018). Country: Belgium 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2018) from the Istitute for the Equality of Women and Men. Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2016). Country: Bulgaria 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2015). Country: Canada 2018: Data based on most recent election results (2015) at municipal level obtained by NSO from Local Government Associations. Country: Croatia 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2017). Country: Czechia 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results at the level of regions (2016), municipalities (2018) and city districts (2018). Country: Denmark 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2017) Country: Estonia Administrative data Country: Finland 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2017). Country: France 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results at the level of communes (2014), departments (2015) and regions (2015). Data cover Metropolitan France and the territories of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyane, La Reunion and Mayotte. Country: Georgia 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2017). Country: Germany 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (around year 2017). Country: Hungary 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2014), provided by the Electoral Management Body of the country. Country: Iceland 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2018). Country: Ireland 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2014). Country: Israel 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2018). Country: Italy 2018: Administrative data on municipalities provided by the Ministry of Interior. Country: Kazakhstan 2018: Administrative data. Country: Latvia 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2017) Country: Liechtenstein 2019: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2019). Country: Lithuania 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2015). Country: Luxembourg 2018: Administrative data based on most recent local election (2017). Country: Malta 2017: Administrative data Country: Montenegro 2017: Data on municipal councillors provided by NSO based on information from local government association. Municipality Tuzi not covered. Country: Netherlands 2018: Administrative data Country: Norway 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2015). Country: Poland Data based on censuses/surveys. Country: Republic of Moldova 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2015). Data exclude the territory of Transnistria and municipality of Bender. Country: Romania 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2016). Country: San Marino Indicator not applicable / No elected deliberative bodies of local government. Country: Serbia 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (up to 2016) Country: Slovakia 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2018). Country: Slovenia 2018: Administrative data collected by Ministry of Public Administration, reflecting 2018 local elections results. Country: Spain 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results at the level of municipalities (2015) and provinces (2017). Country: Sweden 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2018). Country: Switzerland 2018: Data based on most recent municipal elections (2018) provided by NSO based on information from the Union of Swiss cities. Country: Turkey 2018: Administrative data based on most recent election results (2014) at the level of metropolitan municipalities, municipalities and provinces.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national official sources. Definition:Senior level civil servants are defined according to ISCO-08, code 1112 (e.g. government administrators, administrators at intergovernmental organisations, ambassadors, consul-general, etc.). .. - data not available Country: Belgium Data refer to decision making positions at federal government administrations. Country: Canada Data are based on Natinal Occupational Classification 2006 Country: Canada Data exclude the 3 northern territoires. Country: Cyprus Reference period (2008): data refer to 2009. Country: Cyprus Government controlled area only. Country: Denmark Data refer to november of preceding year. 2010: break in series. Country: Estonia Change in definition (2000 - 2011): Senior civil servant refers to higher officials. Data refer to central state body only. Country: France Change in definition (2010 - 2011): Data refer to directors of the central administration and alike, ambassadors, prefects, chief education officers, heads of service, deputy directors and assistant directors, etc. Country: France Geographic coverage : French Republic, including the overseas departments DOM (except Mayotte). Overseas collectivities (COM) are excluded. Country: Germany Change in definition (1980 - 1990): Data refer to public sector personnel in direct public sector Not including civil servants of the former GDR Data refer to full-time employees only. Country: Germany Change in definition (1995): Data refer to public sector personnel in direct public sector Data refer to full-time employees only. Country: Germany Change in definition (2000 - 2002): Data refer to public sector personnel in direct public sector Country: Ireland Change in definition (1990 onwards): Civil servants at the following grades: Assistant Secretary, Deputy Secretary, Secretary General. Country: Kazakhstan Change in definition (2001): Data refer to ISCO-88 classification Code 1 - "Heads (representatives) of the governing bodies of the all levels and the Heads of the organisations", including the representatives of the legislature, executive and representative government and judiciary; heads and senior management officials of the state agencies; Heads of the local representative bodies, public organisations, political parties; Heads of the organisations, including small and medium ones. Country: Norway Change in definition (2011): From 2011 data refer to the new ISCO 2008, 1120 Managing directors and chief executives Country: Portugal Reference period (1990): Data refer to 1991. From 2011 data compiled according to ISCO -08. Country: Russian Federation Reference period (2004 - 2013): Data refer to the situation as of 1st of January of the following year. Country: Spain Data refer to civil servants in high positions in the central administration. Discrepancies between total and sum of sexes in 2013-2015 are due to vacant positions. Country: Sweden Change in nomenclature from ISCO-88 to ISCO-08 between 2013 and 2014. Country: Sweden Change in definition (2001 - 2011): Data include legislators and senior government officials. Country: Switzerland Data are rounded by multiple of 1000. Country: Switzerland Break in methodlogy (2010): From 2010 data refer to ISCO-08 classification, before 2010 data refer to ISCO-88 classification. Country: Ukraine From 2014 data cover the territories under the government control.

The subnational government finance dataset presents data on the institutional organisation at local and regional levels as well as on public finance. Financial data cover the general government sector and subnational government subsector (state and local government levels) in the 35 OECD member countries and in the EU. Four main dimensions are presented: expenditure (including investment), revenue, budget balance and debt. The dataset is released as a beta version. Data at country level are derived mainly from the OECD National Accounts harmonised according to the new standards of the System of National Accounts (SNA) 2008, implemented by most OECD countries since December 2014. They are complemented by data from Eurostat, IMF (Australia, Chile), and national statistical institutes for some countries or indicators (in particular, territorial organisation). Data were extracted in February 2017 and are from 2015, unless otherwise specified