Austria

This dataset contains the main results of the 2017 Eurostat-OECD PPP comparison for the 49 countries that participated in the 2017 round of the Eurostat-OECD Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) Programme. Colombia and Costa Rica participated for the first time. Please note that time series for PPPs for GDP, actual individual consumption and household final consumption for these two countries in the National Accounts databases are still based on the 2011 ICP results until April 2020 (release of ICP 2017 results).

Data cited at : https://www.bis.org/statistics/index.htm

For the countries belonging to the euro area, these are factors for converting euro fixed series (NAC) into euro/ECU series, and vice-versa.

For the countries belonging to the euro area, these are factors for converting euro fixed series (NAC) into euro/ECU series, and vice-versa.

Correction coefficients (duty stations) are used to ensure equality of purchasing power of remuneration between different locations within the European Union and Brussels. Correction coefficients are calculated as the ratio between the "economic parity" and the exchange rate to the Euro (where applicable). They operate as a percentage adjustment to remuneration expressed in local currency.  As the correction coefficient is simply the economic parity divided by the exchange rate, it can be seen that the exchange rate effect cancels out and the economic parity is the appropriate conversion rate to convert amounts expressed in local currency into Euro and eliminate the effect of price level differences. The economic parity tells us how many currency units a given quantity of goods and services costs in different countries.  The method used to establish economic parities is to compare the price of a basket of goods and services purchased by the average international official in Brussels with the price of an equivalent basket of goods and services purchased by the average international official in each of the other duty stations. To compile these prices, Eurostat carry out a number of detailed price surveys in cooperation with national statistical institutes. For each item, the price ratio with Brussels is computed. Similar items are grouped into "basic headings", and a geometric mean of the price ratios is calculated to establish a basic heading parity. These basic heading parities are then aggregated to produce an overall parity. This aggregate is computed as a weighted arithmetic mean, using consumption expenditure pattern of international officials as weights.

Correction coefficients (Extra-EU) are used to ensure equality of purchasing power of remuneration between different locations outside the European Union and Brussels. Correction coefficients are calculated as the ratio between the "economic parity" and the exchange rate to the Euro (where applicable). They operate as a percentage adjustment to remuneration expressed in local currency. As the correction coefficient is simply the economic parity divided by the exchange rate, it can be seen that the exchange rate effect cancels out and the economic parity is the appropriate conversion rate to convert amounts expressed in local currency into Euro and eliminate the effect of price level differences. The economic parity tells us how many currency units a given quantity of goods and services costs in different countries. The method used to establish economic parities is to compare the price of a basket of goods and services purchased by the average international official in Brussels with the price of an equivalent basket of goods and services purchased by the average international official in each of the other duty stations. To compile these prices, Eurostat carry out a number of detailed price surveys in cooperation with the United Nations International Civil Service Commission and the International Section on Remuneration and Prices of the Coordinated Organisations. For each item, the price ratio with Brussels is computed. Similar items are grouped into "basic headings", and a geometric mean of the price ratios is calculated to establish a basic heading parity. These basic heading parities are then aggregated to produce an overall parity. This aggregate is computed as a weighted arithmetic mean, using consumption expenditure pattern of international officials as weights.

Correction coefficients (Extra-EU) are used to ensure equality of purchasing power of remuneration between different locations outside the European Union and Brussels. Correction coefficients are calculated as the ratio between the "economic parity" and the exchange rate to the Euro (where applicable). They operate as a percentage adjustment to remuneration expressed in local currency. As the correction coefficient is simply the economic parity divided by the exchange rate, it can be seen that the exchange rate effect cancels out and the economic parity is the appropriate conversion rate to convert amounts expressed in local currency into Euro and eliminate the effect of price level differences. The economic parity tells us how many currency units a given quantity of goods and services costs in different countries. The method used to establish economic parities is to compare the price of a basket of goods and services purchased by the average international official in Brussels with the price of an equivalent basket of goods and services purchased by the average international official in each of the other duty stations. To compile these prices, Eurostat carry out a number of detailed price surveys in cooperation with the United Nations International Civil Service Commission and the International Section on Remuneration and Prices of the Coordinated Organisations. For each item, the price ratio with Brussels is computed. Similar items are grouped into "basic headings", and a geometric mean of the price ratios is calculated to establish a basic heading parity. These basic heading parities are then aggregated to produce an overall parity. This aggregate is computed as a weighted arithmetic mean, using consumption expenditure pattern of international officials as weights.

This table shows exchange rates for currencies used in over 190 world economies presented in a cross rates layout where countries are presented in both rows and columns. National currency per US dollars exchange rates are used to derive explicit exchange rates for each of the countries presented with regard to any other country. Country series are consistent over time: for example, a conversion was made from national currency to Euro for the Euro Zone economies for all years prior to the adoption of Euro.

The present data collection consists of the following indicators:Interest rates : Day-to-day money market interest rates, 3-month interest rates, Euro yields and Long term government bond yields - Maastricht definitionEuro/Ecu exchange rates: Exchange rates against the ECU/euroEffective exchange rates indices : Nominal Effective Exchange Rate, Real Effective Exchange Rate Â

This dataset contains the exchange rate of 1USD to their country local currency.

National currencies are converted in United States dollars (USD) using IMF monthly average conversion rates.

Nominal effective series measure changes in the value of a currency against a trade-weighted basket of currencies. A rise in the index means a strengthening of the currency. Real effective series are a measure of the change in competitiveness of a country or geographical area, by taking into account the change in costs or prices relative to other countries. A rise in the index means a loss of competitiveness. The collection comprises industrial countries' effective exchange rates. It is produced by the European Commission (DG ECFIN).

Nominal effective series measure changes in the value of a currency against a trade-weighted basket of currencies. A rise in the index means a strengthening of the currency. Real effective series are a measure of the change in competitiveness of a country or geographical area, by taking into account the change in costs or prices relative to other countries. A rise in the index means a loss of competitiveness. The collection comprises industrial countries' effective exchange rates. It is produced by the European Commission (DG ECFIN).

Nominal effective series measure changes in the value of a currency against a trade-weighted basket of currencies. A rise in the index means a strengthening of the currency. Real effective series are a measure of the change in competitiveness of a country or geographical area, by taking into account the change in costs or prices relative to other countries. A rise in the index means a loss of competitiveness. The collection comprises industrial countries' effective exchange rates. It is produced by the European Commission (DG ECFIN).

Data cited at: International Financial Statistics (IFS), The International Monetary Fund. The International Financial Statistics database covers about 200 countries and areas, with some aggregates calculated for selected regions, plus some world totals. Topics covered include balance of payments, commodity prices, exchange rates, fund position, government finance, industrial production, interest rates, international investment position, international liquidity, international transactions, labor statistics, money and banking, national accounts, population, prices, and real effective exchange rates. The International Financial Statistics is based on various IMF data collections. It includes exchange rates series for all Fund member countries plus Anguilla, Aruba, China, PR: Hong Kong, China, PR: Macao, Montserrat, and the Netherlands Antilles. It also includes major Fund accounts series, real effective exchange rates, and other world, area, and country series. Data are available for most IMF member countries with some aggregates calculated for select regions, plus some world totals. National Accounts, Indicators of Economic Activity, Labor Markets, Prices, Government and Public Sector Finance, Financial Indicators, Balance of Payments, International Investment Position, International Reserves, Fund Accounts, External Trade, Exchange Rates, and Population.

Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD, World Bank) official sources. General note: The UNECE secretariat presents time series ready for immediate analysis. When appropriate, source segments with methodological differences have been linked and rescaled to build long consistent time series. The national accounts estimates are compiled according to 2008 SNA (System of National Accounts 2008) or 1993 SNA (System of National Accounts 1993). Constant price estimates are based on data compiled by the National Statistical Offices (NSOs), which reflect various national practices (different base years, fixed base, chain, etc.). To facilitate international comparisons, the data reported by the NSOs have been scaled to the current price value of of the common reference year. The resulting chain constant price data are not additive. Common currency (US$) estimates are computed by the secretariat using purchasing power parities (PPPs), which are the rates of currency conversion that equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. PPPs, and not exchange rates, should be used in international comparisons of GDP and its components. Regional aggregates are computed by the secretariat. For national accounts all current price aggregates are sums of national series converted into US$ at current PPPs of GDP; all constant price aggregates are calculated by summing up national series scaled to the price level of the common reference year and then converted into US$ using PPPs of GDP of the common reference year. Due to conversion and rounding the resulting aggregates and components could be non-additive. For more details see the composition of regions note. Growth rates (per cent) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. Contributions to per cent growth in GDP (in percentage points) are over the preceding period, unless otherwise specified. .. - data not available

Main Economic Indicators (MEI) provides a wide range of indicators on recent economic developments in the 35 OECD member countries and 15 non-member countries. The indicators published in MEI have been prepared by national statistical agencies primarily to meet the requirements of users within their own country. In most instances, the indicators are compiled in accordance with international statistical guidelines and recommendations. However, national practices may depart from these guidelines, and these departures may impact on comparability between countries.

The Financial Statistics dataset contains predominantly monthly statistics, and associated statistical methodological information, for the 36 OECD member countries and some selected other countries. The dataset itself contains financial statistics on 4 separate subjects: Monetary Aggregates, Interest Rates, Exchange Rates, and Share Prices. The data series presented within these subjects have been chosen as the most relevant financial statistics for which comparable data across countries is available. In all cases a lot of effort has been made to ensure that the data are internationally comparable across all countries presented and that all the subjects have good historical time-series’ data to aid with analysis. All data are available monthly, and are presented as either an index (where the year 2015 is the base year) or as a level depending on which measure is seen as the most appropriate and/or useful in the economic analysis context.

The NEER (Nominal Effective Exchange Rate) is the weighted average of bilateral nominal exchange rates against the currencies of selected trading partners. The data are expresed as % change over 3 years, and % change over 1 year. Data source: Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN).

The Nominal Effective Exchange Rate is the weighted average of bilateral nominal exchange rates against the currencies of selected trading partners. The data are expressed as 3 years % change, and 1 year % change. Data source: Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN).

This dataset contains Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) for all OECD countries. PPPs are the rates of currency conversion that eliminate the differences in price levels between countries. Per capita volume indices based on PPP converted data reflect only differences in the volume of goods and services produced. Comparative price levels are defined as the ratios of PPPs to exchange rates. They provide measures of the differences in price levels between countries. The PPPs are given in national currency units per US dollar. The price levels and volume indices derived using these PPPs have been rebased on the OECD average. Per capita volume indices should not be used to rank countries as PPPs are statistical constructs rather than precise measures. Minor differences between countries should be interpreted with caution.

The REER (or Relative price and cost indicators) aim to assess a country's (or currency area's) price or cost competitiveness relative to its principal competitors in international markets. Changes in cost and price competitiveness depend not only on exchange rate movements but also on cost and price trends. The specific REER for the Sustainable Development Indicators is deflated by nominal unit labour costs (total economy) against a panel of 37 countries (= EU28 + 9 other industrial countries: Australia, Canada, United States, Japan, Norway, New Zealand, Mexico, Switzerland, and Turkey). Double export weights are used to calculate REERs, reflecting not only competition in the home markets of the various competitors, but also competition in export markets elsewhere. A rise in the index means a loss of competitiveness.

The REER (or Relative price and cost indicators) aim to assess a country's (or currency area's) price or cost competitiveness relative to its principal competitors in international markets. Changes in cost and price competitiveness depend not only on exchange rate movements but also on cost and price trends. The indicator is deflated by the price index (total economy) against a panel of 42 countries (= EU27+ 15 other industrial countries: Australia, Canada, United States, Japan, Norway, New Zealand, Mexico, Switzerland, UK, Turkey, Russia, China, Brazil, South Korea and Hong Kong). Double export weights are used to calculate REERs, reflecting not only competition in the home markets of the various competitors, but also competition in export markets elsewhere. A rise in the index means a loss of competitiveness. Data source: Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN). Data are non-seasonal adjusted.

Real effective exchange rate (REER) aims to assess a country's price or cost competitiveness relative to its principal competitors in international markets. Changes in cost and price competitiveness depend not only on exchange rate movements but also on cost and price trends. The specific REER for the Macroeconomic Imbalances Procedure is deflated by the consumer price indices relative to a panel of 42 countries (double export weights are used to calculate REERs, reflecting not only competition in the home markets of the various competitors, but also competition in export markets elsewhere). A positive value means real appreciation. The data are presented as 3 years % change, and 1 year % change. The MIP scoreboard indicator is the percentage change over three years of the real effective exchange rate (REER) based on consumer price index deflators relative to 42 trading partners. The formula is: [[(REER_HICP_42)t - (REER_HICP_42)t-3] / (REER_HICP_42)t-3]*100 The indicative thresholds are +/-5% for euro area and +/-11% for non-euro area countries. Data source: Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN)

The REER (Real Effective Exchage Rate) aims to assess a country (or currency area's) price or cost competitiveness relative to its principal competitors in the euro area. Changes in cost and price competitiveness depend not only on exchange rate movements but also on cost and price trends. The specific REER for the Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure is deflated by the consumer price index (total economy) against the euro area partners. Double export weights are used to calculate REERs, reflecting not only competition in the home markets of the various competitors, but also competition in export markets elsewhere. A rise in the index means a loss of competitiveness. The data are presented as 3 years % change, 1 year % change and Index, 2010=100. Data source: Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (DG ECFIN).

Real effective exchange rate (REER) aims to assess a country's price or cost competitiveness relative to its principal competitors in international markets. Changes in cost and price competitiveness depend not only on exchange rate movements but also on cost and price trends. The specific REER for the Macroeconomic Imbalances Procedure is deflated by the consumer price indices relative to a panel of 42 countries (double export weights are used to calculate REERs, reflecting not only competition in the home markets of the various competitors, but also competition in export markets elsewhere). The data are expressed as index with base year 2010.

The reference series used in the publication are: GDP for tax reporting years at market prices, national currency Exchange rates national currency per US dollar Population These data are extracted from various datasets managed by OECD directorates. The figures presented here are those used in creating the latest Revenue Statistics publication. These datasets are updated periodically during the year and therefore the figures in the latest versions may differ from those implied in the publication.

Stock Market Performance Indices

Data cited at: The Economist THE Big Mac index was invented by The Economist in 1986 as a lighthearted guide to whether currencies are at their “correct” level. It is based on the theory of purchasing-power parity (PPP), the notion that in the long run exchange rates should move towards the rate that would equalise the prices of an identical basket of goods and services (in this case, a burger) in any two countries. For example, the average price of a Big Mac in America in January 2018 was $5.28; in China it was only $3.17 at market exchange rates. So the "raw" Big Mac index says that the yuan was undervalued by 40% at that time.

Data cited at: The World Bank https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/ Topic: Global Economic Monitor Publication: https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/global-economic-monitor License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/   The dataset Provides daily updates of global economic developments, with coverage of high income- as well as developing countries. Average period data updates are provided for exchange rates, equity markets, interest rates, stripped bond spreads, and emerging market bond indices. Monthly data coverage (updated daily and populated upon availability) is provided for consumer prices, high-tech market indicators, industrial production and merchandise trade.