Expenditures for research and development are current and capital expenditures (both public and private) on creative work undertaken systematically to increase knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture, and society, and the use of knowledge for new applications. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.
2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia | 1.6 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.8 | |||||||
Brunei Darussalam | 0.3 | |||||||||||||
Cambodia | 0.1 | |||||||||||||
China | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.4 |
हांगकांग | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Indonesia | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |||||||
Japan | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 |
Republic of Korea | 2.1 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 4.9 |
मकाउ | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.4 | |
Malaysia | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||
Mongolia | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
Myanmar | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||||||||
New Zealand | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.5 | |||||||
Papua New Guinea | 0.0 | |||||||||||||
Philippines | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | |||||||||
Singapore | 1.8 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.2 | |
Thailand | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.3 | |||
Viet Nam | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | ||||||||
Armenia | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Austria | 1.9 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.3 |
Azerbaijan | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Belarus | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Belgium | 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.4 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||
Bulgaria | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
Croatia | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 |
Cyprus | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
Czech Republic | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
Denmark | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.8 |
Estonia | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
Finland | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.0 |
France | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.2 |
Georgia | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |||
Germany | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 |
Greece | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.5 | |
Hungary | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
Iceland | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.8 | ||
Ireland | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 |
Italy | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
Kazakhstan | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Kyrgyzstan | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Latvia | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
Lithuania | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
Luxembourg | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.0 |
North Macedonia | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
Republic of Moldova | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Monaco | 0.0 | |||||||||||||
Montenegro | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.4 | |||||
Netherlands | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
Norway | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 1.9 | |
Poland | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
Portugal | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.7 |
Romania | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Russian Federation | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | |
Serbia | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
Slovakia | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
Slovenia | 1.4 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 |
Spain | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
Sweden | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.4 | |
Switzerland | 2.3 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.4 | ||||||||
Tajikistan | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||
Turkey | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
Ukraine | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
United Kingdom | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.9 |
Uzbekistan | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Argentina | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Bolivia | 0.3 | |||||||||||||
Brazil | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | |
Chile | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |||
Colombia | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
Costa Rica | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | ||
Cuba | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.5 | |
Ecuador | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | |||||||||
El Salvador | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||
Guatemala | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | |
Honduras | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||||||||
Mexico | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
Nicaragua | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||||||||
Panama | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Paraguay | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | |||
Peru | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||
Puerto Rico | 0.4 | 0.4 | ||||||||||||
Trinidad and Tobago | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
Uruguay | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | ||||||||
Algeria | 0.1 | 0.5 | ||||||||||||
Bahrain | 0.1 | |||||||||||||
Egypt | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
Iran | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.8 | |||||||
Iraq | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||
Israel | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 5.6 |
Jordan | 0.7 | |||||||||||||
Kuwait | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Malta | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | |
Morocco | 0.7 | |||||||||||||
Oman | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |||
Qatar | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.7 | ||||||||||
Saudi Arabia | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.4 | |||||||
Syrian Arab Republic | 0.0 | |||||||||||||
Tunisia | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | |||
United Arab Emirates | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.5 | ||||||
फिलिस्तीन | 0.4 | 0.5 | ||||||||||||
Canada | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.7 |
United States of America | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.5 |
India | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | |
Nepal | 0.3 | |||||||||||||
Pakistan | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | ||||||
Sri Lanka | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||||
Angola | 0.0 | |||||||||||||
Botswana | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.6 | |||||||||||
Burkina Faso | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | ||||||||
Burundi | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | |||||||||||
केप वर्दे | 0.1 | |||||||||||||
Chad | 0.3 | |||||||||||||
Côte d'Ivoire | 0.1 | |||||||||||||
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 0.1 | 0.4 | ||||||||||||
Ethiopia | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.3 | ||||||||||
Ghana | 0.4 | |||||||||||||
Kenya | 0.7 | |||||||||||||
Lesotho | 0.0 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||
Madagascar | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||||||
Mali | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||||||||
Mauritania | 0.0 | |||||||||||||
Mauritius | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | ||||||
Mozambique | 0.4 | 0.3 | ||||||||||||
Namibia | 0.1 | 0.3 | ||||||||||||
Rwanda | 0.6 | 0.8 | ||||||||||||
Senegal | 0.4 | 0.6 | ||||||||||||
Seychelles | 0.3 | 0.2 | ||||||||||||
South Africa | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | ||
Sudan | 0.5 | 0.2 | ||||||||||||
इस्वातिनी | 0.3 | |||||||||||||
United Republic of Tanzania | 0.4 | 0.5 | ||||||||||||
Gambia | 0.1 | 0.1 | ||||||||||||
Togo | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||||||||||
Uganda | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | |||||||||||
Zambia | 0.0 |