Researchers in R&D are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, or systems and in the management of the projects concerned. Postgraduate PhD students (ISCED97 level 6) engaged in R&D are included.
| 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | 3,470.7 | 4,568.6 | ||||||||||||||
| Brunei Darussalam | 506.2 | |||||||||||||||
| Cambodia | 30.4 | |||||||||||||||
| China | 549.6 | 856.7 | 898.9 | 972.0 | 1,029.0 | 1,079.6 | 1,101.8 | 1,162.7 | 1,208.9 | 1,235.8 | 1,317.5 | 1,483.9 | 1,600.3 | 1,686.0 | 1,849.2 | |
| हांगकांग | 1,160.1 | 2,612.0 | 3,062.5 | 3,036.8 | 3,137.6 | 3,309.7 | 3,512.8 | 3,487.9 | 3,668.3 | 3,720.2 | 3,978.2 | 4,240.4 | 4,355.8 | 4,591.7 | 4,815.2 | 5,273.7 |
| Indonesia | 209.7 | 177.7 | 214.1 | 215.2 | 387.2 | 395.3 | ||||||||||
| Japan | 5,102.4 | 5,322.5 | 5,117.2 | 5,123.3 | 5,048.6 | 5,166.8 | 5,351.5 | 5,198.5 | 5,232.7 | 5,319.8 | 5,339.5 | 5,376.1 | 5,450.4 | 5,589.8 | 5,629.8 | |
| Republic of Korea | 2,324.1 | 3,763.2 | 5,429.4 | 5,908.8 | 6,393.3 | 6,457.9 | 6,867.3 | 7,020.4 | 7,057.2 | 7,453.2 | 7,918.5 | 8,329.0 | 8,620.0 | 9,071.5 | 9,434.8 | |
| मकाउ | 608.6 | 628.8 | 590.6 | 714.1 | 889.1 | 1,007.2 | 1,247.7 | 2,583.5 | 3,137.5 | 3,429.0 | 3,587.5 | 3,826.0 | 4,092.5 | 3,498.5 | 3,827.0 | |
| Malaysia | 283.0 | 1,452.7 | 1,633.9 | 1,769.9 | 2,016.0 | 2,256.6 | 2,334.1 | 2,110.4 | 711.5 | |||||||
| Mongolia | 332.4 | 681.4 | 535.4 | |||||||||||||
| Myanmar | 30.0 | 34.1 | 30.4 | 32.8 | 19.1 | 26.4 | 28.0 | |||||||||
| New Zealand | 3,159.2 | 3,731.3 | 4,044.0 | 5,476.9 | 5,035.6 | 5,665.4 | 5,094.8 | |||||||||
| Papua New Guinea | 33.2 | |||||||||||||||
| Philippines | 79.1 | 82.6 | 182.6 | 103.2 | 170.2 | |||||||||||
| Singapore | 4,167.6 | 5,650.6 | 6,368.3 | 6,578.6 | 6,514.1 | 6,735.0 | 6,756.2 | 7,134.9 | 7,052.9 | 6,950.1 | 7,002.5 | 7,509.6 | 7,503.3 | 7,917.0 | ||
| Thailand | 311.9 | 528.6 | 773.8 | 941.8 | 844.1 | 1,179.1 | 1,315.7 | 1,712.2 | 1,744.2 | 2,018.3 | 1,695.8 | 1,863.1 | ||||
| Viet Nam | 684.8 | 681.7 | 707.7 | 754.6 | 767.9 | |||||||||||
| Armenia | 1,187.4 | 1,039.8 | ||||||||||||||
| Austria | 3,470.7 | 4,379.2 | 4,430.5 | 4,720.8 | 4,782.1 | 5,009.4 | 5,073.4 | 5,400.3 | 5,416.1 | 5,682.4 | 5,958.9 | 5,829.3 | 6,323.0 | 6,658.5 | ||
| Azerbaijan | 1,715.5 | 1,732.4 | 1,743.4 | 1,702.3 | 1,663.3 | |||||||||||
| Belarus | 1,473.4 | 1,439.2 | 1,434.2 | 1,504.4 | ||||||||||||
| Belgium | 2,982.6 | 3,173.1 | 3,755.6 | 3,880.2 | 4,116.6 | 4,161.6 | 4,544.9 | 4,731.8 | 4,798.3 | 4,757.3 | 5,040.0 | 5,290.9 | 5,418.9 | 6,596.7 | 6,983.2 | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 61.5 | 155.7 | 228.0 | 283.7 | 353.7 | 406.9 | 471.5 | 459.8 | 451.0 | 446.1 | 445.7 | 540.1 | 669.8 | |||
| Bulgaria | 1,179.7 | 1,301.7 | 1,470.7 | 1,606.2 | 1,537.4 | 1,685.2 | 1,822.0 | 1,976.8 | 2,236.9 | 2,125.5 | 2,343.5 | 2,420.1 | 2,401.2 | 2,346.7 | 2,557.2 | |
| Croatia | 1,554.7 | 1,328.0 | 1,649.2 | 1,594.2 | 1,567.5 | 1,535.6 | 1,445.0 | 1,513.8 | 1,871.4 | 1,900.9 | 1,973.0 | 2,203.6 | 2,295.4 | 2,414.4 | 2,534.4 | |
| Cyprus | 438.8 | 930.3 | 1,104.8 | 1,092.0 | 1,022.0 | 1,026.7 | 1,051.3 | 1,010.6 | 1,058.6 | 1,209.6 | 1,408.2 | 1,657.7 | 1,739.9 | 1,743.1 | 1,727.6 | |
| Czech Republic | 1,352.2 | 2,353.4 | 2,799.1 | 2,925.9 | 3,162.1 | 3,260.8 | 3,428.3 | 3,619.2 | 3,546.9 | 3,718.3 | 3,906.7 | 4,027.6 | 4,187.2 | 4,560.5 | 4,696.7 | |
| Denmark | 5,207.2 | 6,763.6 | 7,045.8 | 7,181.9 | 7,115.4 | 7,358.2 | 7,566.5 | 7,852.1 | 7,647.6 | 7,597.5 | 7,693.5 | 7,651.3 | 7,708.2 | 8,735.6 | ||
| Estonia | 1,902.6 | 2,451.2 | 3,057.8 | 3,392.8 | 3,457.8 | 3,338.4 | 3,285.6 | 3,188.5 | 3,296.4 | 3,552.5 | 3,766.1 | 3,770.4 | 3,836.4 | 4,036.1 | 4,654.9 | |
| Finland | 7,558.7 | 7,740.9 | 7,442.0 | 7,492.5 | 7,222.8 | 7,022.2 | 6,856.0 | 6,543.7 | 6,731.5 | 6,872.7 | 7,245.9 | 7,548.3 | 7,870.4 | 8,073.1 | ||
| France | 2,903.0 | 3,297.8 | 3,849.6 | 3,920.7 | 4,052.2 | 4,133.6 | 4,210.0 | 4,310.7 | 4,392.0 | 4,546.8 | 4,670.5 | 4,774.0 | 4,883.2 | 5,058.1 | 5,181.8 | |
| Georgia | 599.6 | 1,126.8 | 1,359.0 | 1,383.7 | 1,381.9 | 1,544.7 | 1,788.4 | 1,799.2 | 1,703.0 | 1,809.0 | 1,768.2 | |||||
| Germany | 3,154.5 | 3,315.8 | 4,056.4 | 4,191.5 | 4,355.6 | 4,380.4 | 4,336.0 | 4,755.3 | 4,839.8 | 5,058.4 | 5,209.2 | 5,398.6 | 5,390.1 | 5,520.6 | 5,787.4 | |
| Greece | 1,787.2 | 2,217.3 | 2,236.3 | 2,655.5 | 2,733.9 | 3,196.5 | 2,726.6 | 3,250.6 | 3,416.1 | 3,644.6 | 4,008.2 | 4,244.4 | 4,926.8 | |||
| Hungary | 1,412.0 | 1,575.8 | 2,135.6 | 2,310.0 | 2,400.9 | 2,527.8 | 2,654.8 | 2,569.7 | 2,625.9 | 2,902.2 | 3,846.5 | 4,021.2 | 4,309.6 | 4,452.5 | 4,725.2 | |
| Iceland | 7,337.8 | 7,088.8 | 5,739.7 | 5,979.7 | 5,645.7 | 6,941.3 | 6,863.5 | |||||||||
| Ireland | 2,255.7 | 2,821.3 | 3,116.6 | 3,341.4 | 4,873.7 | 5,141.7 | 5,291.0 | 5,242.1 | 5,143.9 | 5,114.2 | 4,656.8 | 4,961.4 | 5,196.1 | 5,213.4 | 5,511.7 | |
| Italy | 1,154.7 | 1,412.6 | 1,722.7 | 1,760.6 | 1,831.3 | 1,916.3 | 1,947.3 | 2,075.8 | 2,209.6 | 2,322.4 | 2,524.3 | 2,670.7 | 2,614.7 | 2,658.9 | 2,795.5 | |
| Kazakhstan | 360.1 | 375.5 | 596.8 | 720.2 | 781.4 | 760.8 | 678.9 | 650.8 | 650.0 | 619.6 | 668.8 | 610.0 | 661.7 | 693.1 | ||
| Latvia | 1,601.0 | 1,458.1 | 1,837.0 | 1,902.4 | 1,909.0 | 1,790.9 | 1,872.3 | 1,818.8 | 1,600.6 | 1,785.2 | 1,786.3 | 1,891.2 | 2,134.1 | 2,395.3 | 2,270.1 | |
| Liechtenstein | 20,047.0 | 18,129.8 | ||||||||||||||
| Lithuania | 2,215.1 | 2,276.4 | 2,736.5 | 2,748.0 | 2,670.6 | 2,878.7 | 3,082.3 | 2,794.9 | 2,950.4 | 3,068.3 | 3,181.0 | 3,445.3 | 3,643.2 | 3,946.5 | 4,153.7 | |
| Luxembourg | 3,800.2 | 4,826.4 | 5,200.1 | 5,525.7 | 4,402.0 | 4,661.6 | 4,782.9 | 4,636.4 | 4,802.2 | 4,969.2 | 4,754.9 | 5,090.8 | 4,688.8 | 4,939.1 | 4,879.2 | |
| North Macedonia | 645.5 | 532.9 | 535.9 | 450.8 | 623.9 | 693.8 | 867.5 | 897.2 | 901.8 | 778.2 | 862.5 | 858.8 | 868.9 | 843.9 | 730.9 | 922.5 |
| Republic of Moldova | 717.4 | 760.2 | 777.2 | 768.6 | 736.9 | 925.3 | 946.5 | 912.0 | 923.5 | 903.4 | 823.5 | 774.7 | 781.2 | 768.0 | 717.4 | |
| Monaco | 309.9 | |||||||||||||||
| Montenegro | 643.0 | 637.6 | 665.3 | 830.6 | 716.9 | 708.8 | 775.0 | 764.4 | ||||||||
| Netherlands | 2,637.9 | 2,909.0 | 3,210.0 | 3,648.1 | 4,336.1 | 4,887.4 | 4,926.1 | 4,891.8 | 5,109.2 | 5,273.2 | 5,496.8 | 5,592.1 | 5,799.3 | 6,003.9 | 6,319.2 | |
| Norway | 4,602.6 | 5,444.7 | 5,533.9 | 5,584.1 | 5,605.0 | 5,722.6 | 5,929.9 | 6,120.8 | 6,396.2 | 6,484.2 | 6,737.6 | 6,766.0 | 7,228.7 | 7,394.8 | ||
| Poland | 1,442.0 | 1,629.6 | 1,697.0 | 1,679.9 | 1,752.1 | 1,868.3 | 2,054.7 | 2,158.4 | 2,304.0 | 2,994.9 | 3,079.5 | 3,159.1 | 3,260.2 | 3,558.2 | 3,721.1 | |
| Portugal | 1,633.8 | 2,013.3 | 3,923.8 | 4,166.1 | 4,032.3 | 3,605.8 | 3,658.4 | 3,724.6 | 3,992.1 | 4,348.1 | 4,614.4 | 4,859.2 | 5,131.4 | 5,430.9 | 5,686.7 | |
| Romania | 926.2 | 1,077.6 | 964.5 | 789.9 | 891.6 | 923.7 | 904.8 | 876.4 | 910.4 | 887.7 | 876.2 | 887.5 | 942.3 | 988.7 | 998.7 | |
| Russian Federation | 3,446.2 | 3,206.2 | 3,071.6 | 3,109.4 | 3,075.2 | 3,050.3 | 3,072.9 | 3,096.0 | 2,947.0 | 2,812.0 | 2,772.6 | 2,734.7 | 2,710.2 | 2,662.5 | 2,683.9 | |
| Serbia | 1,503.4 | 1,616.2 | 1,635.4 | 1,718.6 | 1,822.7 | 2,060.1 | 2,121.9 | 2,067.7 | 2,076.0 | 2,087.3 | 2,149.9 | 2,206.7 | 2,349.7 | 2,515.3 | ||
| Slovakia | 1,850.5 | 2,031.1 | 2,817.4 | 2,840.9 | 2,827.1 | 2,723.2 | 2,723.7 | 2,658.9 | 2,609.1 | 2,803.1 | 3,003.4 | 3,116.8 | 3,167.4 | 3,211.1 | 3,387.5 | |
| Slovenia | 2,183.7 | 2,634.5 | 3,770.4 | 4,288.0 | 4,330.7 | 4,236.5 | 4,166.9 | 3,836.5 | 3,939.8 | 4,510.8 | 4,880.5 | 5,060.6 | 5,187.2 | 5,235.2 | 5,370.4 | |
| Spain | 1,874.1 | 2,516.2 | 2,880.0 | 2,775.3 | 2,693.4 | 2,623.6 | 2,614.4 | 2,622.5 | 2,712.7 | 2,847.4 | 2,984.3 | 3,048.2 | 3,051.6 | 3,229.6 | 3,387.5 | |
| Sweden | 6,103.3 | 5,279.2 | 5,172.5 | 5,196.7 | 6,717.6 | 6,909.5 | 6,846.1 | 7,143.4 | 7,316.6 | 7,425.7 | 7,685.8 | 7,754.6 | 8,159.8 | 8,623.7 | ||
| Switzerland | 3,643.7 | 4,497.5 | 5,308.7 | 5,257.3 | 5,561.7 | 6,021.4 | ||||||||||
| Turkey | 355.0 | 567.5 | 882.5 | 977.3 | 1,100.2 | 1,175.9 | 1,163.5 | 1,136.2 | 1,263.8 | 1,420.6 | 1,585.1 | 1,737.6 | 1,964.7 | 2,209.7 | 2,478.7 | |
| Ukraine | 1,306.7 | 1,237.5 | 1,210.0 | 1,139.6 | 1,002.5 | 1,006.0 | 1,037.2 | 994.1 | 988.1 | 880.6 | 846.2 | 774.1 | 586.1 | |||
| United Kingdom | 2,893.4 | 4,117.7 | 4,089.2 | 3,973.0 | 4,018.0 | 4,171.8 | 4,280.8 | 4,389.6 | 4,434.7 | 4,472.7 | ||||||
| Uzbekistan | 665.8 | 638.5 | 551.7 | 582.3 | 520.3 | 514.8 | 509.0 | 504.7 | 513.0 | 502.0 | 482.0 | 422.1 | 426.5 | 523.9 | 543.8 | 542.1 |
| Argentina | 713.9 | 816.8 | 1,119.1 | 1,175.4 | 1,197.7 | 1,193.4 | 1,202.5 | 1,225.5 | 1,254.1 | 1,206.0 | 1,220.9 | 1,224.7 | 1,250.5 | 1,288.1 | 1,296.5 | |
| Bolivia | 70.3 | 163.0 | 49.9 | 58.8 | 63.1 | |||||||||||
| Brazil | 298.5 | 515.8 | 696.1 | 749.2 | 801.4 | 852.7 | 903.2 | |||||||||
| Chile | 318.2 | 352.0 | 389.9 | 334.8 | 426.8 | 455.3 | 495.4 | 494.6 | 523.7 | 507.3 | 515.3 | 638.8 | ||||
| Colombia | 58.1 | 59.1 | 70.7 | 91.3 | 90.2 | |||||||||||
| Costa Rica | 124.5 | 385.9 | 410.7 | 340.9 | 359.0 | 574.9 | 501.0 | 531.4 | 385.0 | 349.5 | 372.0 | 406.6 | 462.5 | |||
| Cuba | 2,054.0 | 2,136.7 | 2,121.9 | 2,099.7 | 2,079.1 | 1,968.3 | ||||||||||
| Dominican Republic | 24.6 | 23.4 | 20.0 | |||||||||||||
| Ecuador | 141.1 | 180.0 | 281.6 | 351.0 | 400.3 | |||||||||||
| El Salvador | 64.8 | 67.5 | 65.6 | 73.5 | 75.7 | 59.8 | 65.3 | 57.6 | ||||||||
| Guatemala | 30.0 | 25.3 | 25.3 | 27.5 | 17.8 | 20.8 | 22.7 | 22.7 | 14.5 | 13.3 | 15.0 | 17.3 | 14.5 | |||
| Honduras | 22.3 | 34.4 | 201.9 | 187.8 | ||||||||||||
| Mexico | 227.1 | 417.9 | 341.2 | 348.0 | 250.7 | 254.5 | 262.9 | 284.6 | 319.6 | 273.6 | 278.4 | 282.2 | 281.6 | 273.1 | 273.7 | 272.3 |
| Panama | 95.9 | 104.8 | 119.6 | 38.1 | 39.6 | 92.8 | 90.7 | 96.9 | 105.8 | 107.2 | 110.7 | 167.6 | 134.7 | 142.3 | 253.3 | |
| Paraguay | 77.4 | 54.9 | 184.6 | 166.7 | 199.9 | 132.3 | 147.4 | 152.3 | 169.4 | 141.2 | 142.7 | 133.2 | ||||
| Puerto Rico | 264.7 | 332.4 | ||||||||||||||
| Trinidad and Tobago | 496.9 | 543.6 | 460.0 | 604.7 | 539.2 | 492.7 | ||||||||||
| Uruguay | 282.6 | 637.8 | 628.7 | 647.3 | 651.5 | 664.3 | 687.1 | 739.5 | 756.7 | 787.1 | 803.4 | 820.6 | 845.8 | 880.3 | 902.4 | |
| Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | 61.5 | 122.3 | 202.7 | 231.7 | 295.7 | 364.3 | 272.3 | 246.2 | 291.7 | 230.9 | 289.6 | 276.4 | 350.4 | 180.0 | ||
| Algeria | 170.2 | 821.7 | ||||||||||||||
| Bahrain | 384.1 | |||||||||||||||
| Egypt | 461.3 | 461.6 | 485.1 | 505.9 | 632.9 | 631.0 | 647.0 | 636.0 | 645.4 | 776.6 | 790.7 | 808.4 | 829.3 | 845.3 | ||
| Iran | 712.4 | 667.7 | 650.5 | 789.5 | 1,409.1 | 1,588.4 | 2,239.7 | |||||||||
| Iraq | 420.6 | 429.8 | 66.4 | 63.2 | 62.3 | 102.3 | 107.4 | 118.3 | 136.6 | 164.3 | ||||||
| Jordan | 254.2 | 572.4 | 576.0 | |||||||||||||
| Kuwait | 168.1 | 176.1 | 141.9 | 136.1 | 135.2 | 638.0 | 405.5 | 482.0 | 498.3 | 503.0 | 175.3 | 166.0 | 176.3 | 159.4 | ||
| Malta | 1,162.4 | 1,391.9 | 1,761.1 | 1,968.7 | 1,880.5 | 1,835.3 | 1,865.3 | 1,989.6 | 2,027.4 | 1,904.9 | 1,902.7 | 1,964.9 | 2,157.6 | 2,427.6 | ||
| Morocco | 722.0 | 847.8 | 853.0 | 1,030.1 | 1,083.4 | |||||||||||
| Oman | 172.7 | 180.0 | 132.9 | 182.5 | 222.4 | 250.3 | 251.9 | 296.2 | 382.9 | 374.1 | 332.1 | 383.1 | 655.1 | |||
| Qatar | 647.4 | 643.9 | 585.6 | 947.8 | ||||||||||||
| Saudi Arabia | 512.1 | 794.3 | 958.2 | 1,120.6 | ||||||||||||
| Syrian Arab Republic | 83.0 | 139.9 | ||||||||||||||
| Tunisia | 1,375.5 | 1,420.4 | 1,614.4 | 1,781.9 | 1,795.1 | 1,774.9 | 1,969.1 | 1,919.0 | 1,790.0 | 1,726.2 | 1,644.6 | 1,610.3 | 1,703.9 | |||
| United Arab Emirates | 2,168.4 | 2,509.6 | 2,464.6 | 2,476.6 | 2,581.5 | 2,606.8 | ||||||||||
| फिलिस्तीन | 330.7 | 584.4 | ||||||||||||||
| Canada | 3,510.5 | 4,234.4 | 4,664.1 | 4,802.7 | 4,652.4 | 4,647.6 | 4,564.2 | 4,546.0 | 4,400.5 | 4,429.1 | 4,715.9 | 4,850.9 | 5,155.7 | 5,411.8 | ||
| United States of America | 3,487.8 | 3,560.3 | 3,550.1 | 3,659.1 | 3,642.6 | 3,725.8 | 3,824.0 | 3,858.0 | 3,809.1 | 3,931.6 | 4,226.8 | 4,265.9 | 4,464.1 | 4,825.2 | ||
| India | 110.6 | 135.1 | 156.2 | 214.3 | 250.0 | 259.3 | ||||||||||
| Pakistan | 73.2 | 130.1 | 144.4 | 257.7 | 315.0 | 362.4 | 401.4 | 473.7 | ||||||||
| Sri Lanka | 132.7 | 102.8 | 107.0 | 95.9 | 102.4 | 102.9 | 102.2 | 101.1 | 100.8 | 94.5 | ||||||
| Angola | 48.4 | 18.9 | ||||||||||||||
| Botswana | 168.1 | 179.8 | ||||||||||||||
| Burkina Faso | 46.6 | |||||||||||||||
| Burundi | 19.6 | 22.5 | ||||||||||||||
| केप वर्दे | 48.9 | 124.9 | ||||||||||||||
| Chad | 56.7 | |||||||||||||||
| Congo | 33.1 | 127.0 | ||||||||||||||
| Côte d'Ivoire | 64.0 | |||||||||||||||
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 10.1 | |||||||||||||||
| Ethiopia | 20.8 | 41.5 | 43.9 | 89.0 | ||||||||||||
| Ghana | 37.4 | 87.5 | ||||||||||||||
| Kenya | 226.9 | 168.6 | 200.9 | |||||||||||||
| Lesotho | 5.9 | 23.7 | ||||||||||||||
| Madagascar | 14.8 | 46.6 | 50.3 | 49.1 | 23.9 | 29.6 | 32.9 | |||||||||
| Malawi | 50.1 | |||||||||||||||
| Mali | 28.2 | 29.4 | 31.2 | 55.2 | 28.7 | |||||||||||
| Mauritius | 176.9 | 465.5 | 543.6 | 558.2 | 564.3 | 578.6 | 852.7 | |||||||||
| Mozambique | 40.2 | 44.4 | ||||||||||||||
| Namibia | 148.9 | 224.8 | ||||||||||||||
| Niger | 7.5 | 26.9 | ||||||||||||||
| Nigeria | 22.1 | |||||||||||||||
| Rwanda | 15.3 | 13.7 | 58.7 | 133.1 | ||||||||||||
| Senegal | 374.8 | 572.4 | ||||||||||||||
| Seychelles | 146.5 | |||||||||||||||
| South Africa | 351.4 | 359.8 | 382.0 | 401.0 | 430.4 | 427.6 | 466.6 | 482.0 | 516.5 | 500.8 | 479.9 | 460.0 | 454.8 | 444.2 | ||
| इस्वातिनी | 137.9 | |||||||||||||||
| United Republic of Tanzania | 36.2 | 19.3 | ||||||||||||||
| Gambia | 30.0 | 50.9 | ||||||||||||||
| Togo | 32.2 | 33.2 | 33.3 | 34.6 | 36.8 | 35.0 | 31.1 | 37.5 | 46.5 | 45.3 | 44.1 | 43.7 | 43.2 | 41.4 | ||
| Uganda | 39.6 | 28.7 | 12.4 | |||||||||||||
| Zimbabwe | 95.1 |