Expenditures for research and development are current and capital expenditures (both public and private) on creative work undertaken systematically to increase knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture, and society, and the use of knowledge for new applications. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

R&D expenditure as a share of GDP (%)

2000200520102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023
Australia1.62.42.22.21.91.91.81.9
Brunei Darussalam0.3
Cambodia0.1
China0.91.31.71.81.92.02.02.12.12.12.12.22.42.42.6
हांगकांग0.50.80.70.70.70.70.70.80.80.80.90.91.01.01.11.1
Indonesia0.10.10.20.20.20.30.3
Japan2.93.13.13.23.23.33.43.23.13.23.23.23.33.33.4
Republic of Korea2.12.53.33.63.94.04.14.04.04.34.54.64.84.95.2
मकाउ0.10.10.00.00.10.10.10.20.20.20.20.50.40.40.3
Malaysia0.51.01.01.11.31.31.41.01.0
Mongolia0.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.10.10.10.10.10.1
Myanmar0.10.00.10.10.20.10.00.0
New Zealand1.11.21.21.21.31.41.5
Papua New Guinea0.0
Philippines0.10.10.10.20.3
Singapore1.82.11.92.11.91.92.12.22.11.91.81.92.2
Thailand0.20.20.40.40.50.60.81.01.11.11.31.21.2
Viet Nam0.10.30.40.40.40.4
Armenia0.20.30.20.30.20.20.20.30.20.20.20.20.20.20.20.2
Austria1.92.42.72.72.93.03.13.03.13.13.13.13.23.33.2
Belgium1.91.82.12.22.32.32.42.42.52.72.93.23.43.43.4
Bulgaria0.50.40.60.50.60.60.80.90.80.70.80.80.80.80.8
Croatia1.00.80.70.70.70.80.80.80.80.80.91.11.21.21.4
Cyprus0.20.40.40.50.40.50.50.50.50.50.60.70.80.80.7
Czech Republic1.11.21.31.51.81.92.01.91.71.81.91.92.02.02.0
Denmark2.22.42.92.93.03.02.93.13.12.93.02.93.02.82.9
Estonia0.60.91.62.32.11.71.41.51.21.31.41.61.81.81.8
Finland3.23.33.73.63.43.33.12.92.72.72.82.82.93.03.0
France2.12.12.22.22.22.22.32.22.22.22.22.22.32.22.2
Georgia0.20.20.10.20.30.30.30.30.30.30.20.20.3
Germany2.42.42.72.82.92.82.92.92.93.03.13.23.13.13.1
Greece0.60.60.70.70.80.81.01.01.21.21.31.51.51.5
Hungary0.80.91.11.21.31.41.31.31.21.31.51.51.61.61.4
Iceland2.62.72.41.71.92.22.12.12.02.32.52.82.6
Ireland1.11.21.61.61.61.61.51.21.21.21.11.21.11.11.0
Italy1.01.01.21.21.31.31.31.31.41.41.41.51.51.41.4
Kazakhstan0.20.30.20.20.20.20.20.20.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.1
Kyrgyzstan0.20.20.20.20.20.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.1
Latvia0.40.50.60.70.70.60.70.60.40.50.60.60.70.70.8
Liechtenstein5.9
Lithuania0.60.70.80.90.90.91.01.00.80.90.91.01.11.11.1
Luxembourg1.61.61.41.41.21.21.21.31.31.21.21.21.11.01.0
North Macedonia0.40.20.20.20.30.40.50.40.40.40.40.40.40.40.40.4
Republic of Moldova0.40.40.30.30.30.30.30.30.30.30.20.20.20.20.2
Montenegro0.90.30.40.40.40.30.30.50.4
Netherlands1.81.81.71.91.92.22.22.12.22.22.12.22.32.32.3
Norway1.51.61.61.61.61.71.92.02.12.02.12.21.91.6
Poland0.60.60.70.80.90.91.01.01.01.01.21.31.41.41.5
Portugal0.70.81.51.51.41.31.31.21.31.31.31.41.61.71.7
Romania0.40.40.40.50.50.40.40.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.5
Russian Federation1.01.11.11.01.01.01.11.11.11.11.01.01.11.00.9
Slovakia0.60.50.60.70.80.80.91.20.80.90.80.80.90.91.0
Slovenia1.41.42.12.42.62.62.42.22.01.91.92.02.12.12.1
Spain0.91.11.41.31.31.31.21.21.21.21.21.31.41.41.4
Sweden3.43.23.23.23.33.13.23.23.43.33.43.53.43.4
Switzerland2.32.93.13.13.23.3
Tajikistan0.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.1
Turkey0.50.60.80.80.80.80.91.01.11.21.31.31.41.41.3
Ukraine0.91.00.80.70.70.70.70.60.50.40.50.40.40.40.30.3
United Kingdom1.61.61.61.61.61.62.32.32.32.32.72.72.92.9
Argentina0.40.40.60.60.60.60.60.60.60.60.50.50.50.50.5
Bolivia0.3
Brazil1.01.01.21.11.11.21.31.41.31.11.21.21.1
Chile0.30.40.40.40.40.40.40.40.40.30.30.4
Colombia0.10.20.20.20.20.30.30.40.30.30.30.30.3
Costa Rica0.40.50.50.50.50.60.40.40.40.40.30.30.3
Cuba0.50.50.60.30.40.50.40.40.30.40.50.60.50.30.4
Ecuador0.40.30.30.40.4
El Salvador0.10.00.00.10.10.10.10.20.20.20.20.20.1
Guatemala0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.1
Honduras0.00.00.00.10.1
Mexico0.30.40.50.50.40.40.40.40.40.30.30.30.30.30.30.3
Nicaragua0.10.10.10.10.1
Panama0.40.20.10.20.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.20.20.20.2
Paraguay0.10.00.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.20.10.1
Peru0.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.20.20.10.2
Trinidad and Tobago0.10.10.00.00.00.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.0
Uruguay0.20.50.30.30.30.30.30.40.40.40.50.60.70.60.6
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)0.20.20.20.30.30.30.40.7
Bahrain0.1
Egypt0.20.20.40.50.50.60.60.70.70.60.70.80.90.91.01.0
Israel3.83.93.93.94.14.14.24.34.64.74.95.35.85.86.0
Jordan0.7
Kuwait0.10.10.10.10.10.30.40.10.10.10.10.20.20.10.1
Malta0.50.60.70.80.70.70.70.60.60.60.60.60.70.6
Morocco0.7
Oman0.10.20.10.20.20.20.20.20.30.30.30.30.4
Qatar0.50.50.50.7
Saudi Arabia0.00.90.90.90.80.50.40.50.6
Tunisia0.70.70.70.60.60.60.60.60.70.70.7
United Arab Emirates0.50.70.90.91.31.31.51.5
Canada1.92.01.81.81.81.71.71.71.71.71.71.81.91.91.71.7
United States of America2.62.52.72.72.72.72.72.82.82.93.03.13.43.53.6
India0.80.80.80.80.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.6
Nepal0.3
Pakistan0.10.30.30.30.20.20.20.20.2
Sri Lanka0.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.10.1
Angola0.0
Botswana0.50.30.6
Burkina Faso0.20.20.60.20.30.3
Burundi0.10.10.2
केप वर्दे0.1
Chad0.3
Congo0.4
Côte d'Ivoire0.1
Democratic Republic of the Congo0.10.4
Ghana0.4
Kenya0.70.40.8
Lesotho0.00.1
Madagascar0.10.20.10.10.00.00.0
Mali0.60.30.30.20.2
Mauritania0.0
Mauritius0.30.40.20.40.30.40.40.40.30.2
Mozambique0.40.3
Namibia0.10.30.6
Nigeria0.3
Rwanda0.60.80.8
Senegal0.40.6
Seychelles0.30.2
South Africa0.80.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.80.70.60.60.60.6
इस्वातिनी0.3
United Republic of Tanzania0.40.5
Gambia0.10.1
Togo0.20.20.2
Uganda0.20.40.10.3
Zambia0.0