R&D Expenditure - R&D expenditure as a share of GDP

WTO विषय अनुसंधान और विकास R&D Expenditure

Expenditures for research and development are current and capital expenditures (both public and private) on creative work undertaken systematically to increase knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture, and society, and the use of knowledge for new applications. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

R&D expenditure as a share of GDP (%)

	2000	2005	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Australia	1.6		2.4	2.2		2.2		1.9		1.9		1.8		1.9
Brunei Darussalam											0.3
Cambodia								0.1
China	0.9	1.3	1.7	1.8	1.9	2.0	2.0	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.4	2.4	2.6
हांगकांग	0.5	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.9	1.0	1.0	1.1	1.1
Indonesia	0.1					0.1			0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3
Japan	2.9	3.1	3.1	3.2	3.2	3.3	3.4	3.2	3.1	3.2	3.2	3.2	3.3	3.3	3.4
Republic of Korea	2.1	2.5	3.3	3.6	3.9	4.0	4.1	4.0	4.0	4.3	4.5	4.6	4.8	4.9	5.2
मकाउ		0.1	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.3
Malaysia	0.5		1.0	1.0	1.1		1.3	1.3	1.4		1.0		1.0
Mongolia	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Myanmar	0.1									0.0	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.0	0.0
New Zealand		1.1		1.2		1.2		1.2		1.3		1.4		1.5
Papua New Guinea									0.0
Philippines		0.1		0.1		0.1		0.2			0.3
Singapore	1.8	2.1	1.9	2.1	1.9	1.9	2.1	2.2	2.1	1.9	1.8	1.9	2.2
Thailand	0.2	0.2		0.4		0.4	0.5	0.6	0.8	1.0	1.1	1.1	1.3	1.2	1.2
Viet Nam				0.1		0.3		0.4		0.4		0.4		0.4
Armenia	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austria	1.9	2.4	2.7	2.7	2.9	3.0	3.1	3.0	3.1	3.1	3.1	3.1	3.2	3.3	3.2
Belgium	1.9	1.8	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.3	2.4	2.4	2.5	2.7	2.9	3.2	3.4	3.4	3.4
Bulgaria	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8
Croatia	1.0	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.9	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.4
Cyprus	0.2	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.7
Czech Republic	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.8	1.9	2.0	1.9	1.7	1.8	1.9	1.9	2.0	2.0	2.0
Denmark	2.2	2.4	2.9	2.9	3.0	3.0	2.9	3.1	3.1	2.9	3.0	2.9	3.0	2.8	2.9
Estonia	0.6	0.9	1.6	2.3	2.1	1.7	1.4	1.5	1.2	1.3	1.4	1.6	1.8	1.8	1.8
Finland	3.2	3.3	3.7	3.6	3.4	3.3	3.1	2.9	2.7	2.7	2.8	2.8	2.9	3.0	3.0
France	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.3	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.3	2.2	2.2
Georgia	0.2	0.2				0.1	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3
Germany	2.4	2.4	2.7	2.8	2.9	2.8	2.9	2.9	2.9	3.0	3.1	3.2	3.1	3.1	3.1
Greece		0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.8	1.0	1.0	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.5	1.5
Hungary	0.8	0.9	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.5	1.6	1.6	1.4
Iceland	2.6	2.7		2.4		1.7	1.9	2.2	2.1	2.1	2.0	2.3	2.5	2.8	2.6
Ireland	1.1	1.2	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.0
Italy	1.0	1.0	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.5	1.5	1.4	1.4
Kazakhstan	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kyrgyzstan	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvia	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.8
Liechtenstein												5.9
Lithuania	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.9	1.0	1.0	0.8	0.9	0.9	1.0	1.1	1.1	1.1
Luxembourg	1.6	1.6	1.4	1.4	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.0	1.0
North Macedonia	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Republic of Moldova		0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Montenegro		0.9		0.3		0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.5	0.4
Netherlands	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.9	1.9	2.2	2.2	2.1	2.2	2.2	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.3	2.3
Norway		1.5	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.7	1.9	2.0	2.1	2.0	2.1	2.2	1.9	1.6
Poland	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.9	0.9	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.2	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.5
Portugal	0.7	0.8	1.5	1.5	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.4	1.6	1.7	1.7
Romania	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian Federation	1.0	1.1	1.1	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.0	1.0	1.1	1.0	0.9
Slovakia	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.9	1.2	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.9	1.0
Slovenia	1.4	1.4	2.1	2.4	2.6	2.6	2.4	2.2	2.0	1.9	1.9	2.0	2.1	2.1	2.1
Spain	0.9	1.1	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.4
Sweden		3.4	3.2	3.2	3.2	3.3	3.1	3.2	3.2	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.5	3.4	3.4
Switzerland	2.3				2.9			3.1		3.1		3.2		3.3
Tajikistan		0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	0.5	0.6	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.9	1.0	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.3
Ukraine	0.9	1.0	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3
United Kingdom	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	1.6	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.7	2.7	2.9	2.9
Argentina	0.4	0.4	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bolivia	0.3
Brazil	1.0	1.0	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.4	1.3	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.1
Chile			0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.4
Colombia	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Costa Rica	0.4		0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4		0.3	0.3	0.3
Cuba	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.3	0.4
Ecuador			0.4	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.4
El Salvador			0.1	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1
Guatemala		0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1
Honduras	0.0							0.0		0.0	0.1	0.1
Mexico	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nicaragua				0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Panama	0.4	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Paraguay		0.1		0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1
Peru	0.1			0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uruguay	0.2	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.6
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)		0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.7
Bahrain							0.1
Egypt	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.9	0.9	1.0	1.0
Israel	3.8	3.9	3.9	3.9	4.1	4.1	4.2	4.3	4.6	4.7	4.9	5.3	5.8	5.8	6.0
Jordan									0.7
Kuwait	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.4	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2		0.1	0.1
Malta		0.5	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.6
Morocco			0.7
Oman				0.1	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4
Qatar					0.5			0.5			0.5			0.7
Saudi Arabia		0.0	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.8							0.5	0.4	0.5	0.6
Tunisia		0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.7
United Arab Emirates				0.5			0.7	0.9	0.9		1.3	1.3	1.5	1.5
Canada	1.9	2.0	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.8	1.9	1.9	1.7	1.7
United States of America	2.6	2.5	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.8	2.8	2.9	3.0	3.1	3.4	3.5	3.6
India	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6
Nepal			0.3
Pakistan	0.1	0.3		0.3		0.3		0.2		0.2		0.2		0.2		0.2
Sri Lanka	0.1		0.1			0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1		0.1		0.1
Angola									0.0
Botswana		0.5			0.3	0.6
Burkina Faso		0.2					0.2			0.6		0.2	0.3	0.3
Burundi			0.1		0.1						0.2
केप वर्दे				0.1
Chad									0.3
Congo															0.4
Côte d'Ivoire									0.1
Democratic Republic of the Congo		0.1						0.4
Ghana			0.4
Kenya			0.7												0.4	0.8
Lesotho				0.0				0.1
Madagascar	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1			0.0		0.0	0.0
Mali			0.6					0.3		0.3		0.2		0.2
Mauritania											0.0
Mauritius	0.3	0.4			0.2					0.4	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.2
Mozambique			0.4					0.3
Namibia			0.1				0.3								0.6
Nigeria												0.3
Rwanda									0.6			0.8				0.8
Senegal			0.4					0.6
Seychelles		0.3							0.2
South Africa		0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6
इस्वातिनी								0.3
United Republic of Tanzania			0.4			0.5
Gambia				0.1							0.1
Togo			0.2		0.2		0.2
Uganda		0.2	0.4				0.1									0.3
Zambia		0.0

R&D expenditure as a share of GDP (%)

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