Changes in net reserves is the net change in a country's holdings of international reserves resulting from transactions on the current, capital, and financial accounts. Reserve assets are those external assets that are readily available to and controlled by monetary authorities for meeting balance of payments financing needs, and include holdings of monetary gold, special drawing rights (SDRs), reserve position in the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and other reserve assets. Also included are net credit and loans from the IMF (excluding reserve position) and total exceptional financing. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
| 1970 | 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singapore | 5,43,12,09,359 | 6,87,80,63,978 | 12,28,64,87,052 | 42,35,31,45,435 | 17,24,23,92,460 | 26,22,27,34,735 | 18,09,71,84,800 | 6,82,38,24,595 | 1,05,26,10,021 | -1,75,85,43,366 | 27,44,34,04,087 | 12,55,60,27,171 | -8,35,20,55,470 | 74,83,09,07,977 | 66,25,55,12,007 | -1,13,77,98,46,984 | 61,02,47,94,601 | 29,68,24,47,026 | |
| India | -1,94,10,58,213 | 6,06,71,05,135 | 14,55,40,31,146 | 14,12,68,06,482 | -4,13,85,67,886 | -4,02,27,54,845 | 10,92,84,53,544 | 37,58,37,31,239 | 44,06,54,83,120 | 15,73,92,72,990 | 37,07,05,03,126 | -3,77,84,97,771 | 55,76,77,15,348 | 1,03,85,32,79,988 | 67,06,38,30,653 | -30,61,04,46,869 | 38,21,65,55,009 | 16,38,99,14,107 | |
| New Zealand | 32,28,72,031 | 2,41,74,68,782 | 84,73,57,521 | 41,39,14,913 | 51,54,28,947 | -84,17,23,396 | -13,83,39,169 | -52,11,94,809 | 3,10,21,14,976 | 1,87,01,24,217 | -2,13,96,49,712 | -33,03,34,874 | -4,59,34,73,933 | 3,11,93,88,484 | -81,53,66,855 | 1,14,24,41,023 | 8,66,36,28,733 | ||
| Nigeria | 1,04,10,75,804 | 3,08,92,71,863 | 11,33,57,87,996 | -9,69,29,12,667 | 30,58,48,565 | 11,09,77,45,203 | -98,00,99,587 | -8,45,24,87,761 | -5,85,35,33,823 | -98,09,17,731 | 12,24,18,90,189 | 3,28,61,80,061 | -4,49,02,38,393 | -5,04,74,87,523 | 3,60,86,54,133 | -3,38,15,57,620 | -2,75,49,17,394 | 8,33,58,70,672 | |
| Canada | 1,65,44,56,688 | 1,13,88,65,729 | 3,71,90,99,442 | 1,33,78,16,725 | 3,81,45,79,540 | 7,91,67,18,686 | 1,72,92,55,583 | 4,75,07,92,694 | 5,27,43,07,912 | 8,48,04,09,613 | 5,60,33,78,005 | 85,66,90,100 | -1,60,26,95,367 | 14,78,96,035 | 1,28,18,70,376 | 20,50,88,38,694 | 11,06,89,32,245 | 7,66,96,54,548 | 5,49,82,78,304 |
| Malaysia | 1,95,12,48,431 | -1,00,87,91,429 | 3,61,96,08,537 | -3,69,14,995 | 31,15,61,77,598 | 3,84,63,80,316 | -1,37,16,11,071 | -13,19,38,88,119 | -14,51,81,35,865 | 1,45,20,12,801 | 3,93,20,49,990 | -1,77,00,44,457 | -1,66,34,56,363 | -4,61,91,86,697 | 11,13,37,04,250 | 12,00,94,64,753 | -4,90,77,43,751 | 3,84,60,81,179 | |
| Australia | 1,74,02,59,727 | -1,36,47,27,993 | 7,25,42,50,530 | 42,99,57,792 | 4,54,61,71,498 | 2,53,55,23,860 | 5,50,73,76,950 | 3,64,40,06,483 | -2,34,57,72,740 | 7,85,44,43,321 | 8,73,54,18,216 | -11,08,27,82,427 | 3,02,56,59,846 | -16,74,97,45,109 | 17,43,82,66,388 | 2,70,37,69,713 | 1,27,65,19,282 | 3,39,91,65,117 | |
| Pakistan | -31,43,05,428 | -2,62,71,41,283 | 25,95,63,469 | 69,37,87,298 | -27,58,38,926 | -2,01,70,52,006 | -2,55,59,42,682 | 7,09,91,92,891 | 3,85,18,70,782 | 1,41,58,80,322 | -4,03,28,57,648 | -6,30,32,51,640 | 3,43,26,37,063 | 83,94,13,129 | 4,55,56,89,061 | -13,21,00,93,253 | 3,41,35,07,129 | 2,47,00,76,338 | |
| South Africa | -46,40,29,840 | 1,06,69,320 | 47,95,64,168 | 5,76,58,37,011 | 3,79,59,89,103 | 4,70,87,64,729 | 1,19,78,10,183 | 49,90,83,154 | 1,35,98,87,142 | -1,13,91,87,034 | 2,90,02,77,509 | 1,90,51,27,151 | 80,14,36,808 | 1,61,26,06,179 | -7,65,31,91,594 | 4,61,43,78,026 | 4,25,10,07,320 | -21,37,04,732 | 2,12,52,31,291 |
| Namibia | 3,67,94,818 | -21,18,25,769 | -40,11,91,954 | -52,21,31,526 | 32,49,83,600 | 25,06,034 | 6,30,20,746 | -15,28,15,317 | 69,90,58,103 | 14,23,60,011 | 37,53,65,161 | 5,86,02,053 | -21,58,60,529 | 2,96,67,182 | 42,87,90,175 | 2,43,90,364 | 23,55,95,386 | 62,88,16,930 | |
| Jamaica | 12,95,14,452 | 51,83,78,664 | 22,99,27,903 | -34,80,94,801 | -26,77,82,752 | -82,35,83,051 | -9,35,30,607 | 1,09,71,25,745 | 42,39,69,337 | 17,70,16,995 | 49,84,25,040 | -19,09,16,478 | 18,98,80,588 | 3,59,82,694 | 90,40,39,070 | -18,56,90,368 | 33,23,56,761 | 58,30,74,341 | |
| Lesotho | 1,29,65,834 | 1,77,92,891 | 4,36,54,432 | -20,93,71,431 | 6,57,08,621 | 10,92,81,442 | 21,15,74,192 | 12,45,01,923 | 11,33,21,103 | -16,02,85,461 | -19,56,48,660 | 7,87,33,256 | 7,16,22,435 | 7,79,59,704 | 8,24,92,767 | -9,67,98,723 | 1,66,88,946 | 25,85,77,560 | |
| Bahamas | 1,17,34,493 | -6,10,00,084 | -8,81,45,444 | 4,77,51,373 | 2,50,70,816 | -7,50,49,830 | -6,86,26,716 | 5,15,77,429 | 2,80,75,590 | 9,51,23,743 | 50,75,62,243 | -21,77,12,911 | 56,25,95,772 | 36,42,57,596 | 6,03,10,704 | 19,89,61,855 | -3,42,99,982 | 24,21,42,468 | |
| Malta | -9,63,26,320 | -22,18,60,959 | 21,92,11,012 | 2,68,26,672 | -6,09,91,823 | 16,37,68,692 | -4,68,38,914 | 2,99,84,927 | -9,81,75,196 | 10,18,88,337 | 11,81,36,454 | 25,29,27,577 | -12,28,21,794 | -7,17,42,950 | -3,66,50,478 | 13,60,75,952 | -1,80,36,684 | 21,12,70,481 | |
| Mozambique | -12,10,82,564 | 20,10,62,153 | 24,36,90,818 | 37,74,26,571 | 39,60,67,232 | -10,73,40,768 | -74,91,53,717 | -50,33,25,234 | 1,09,26,03,524 | -53,14,60,229 | 39,58,20,693 | -35,82,40,007 | -78,62,53,777 | -71,59,19,188 | 67,51,35,662 | 10,16,94,307 | |||
| Samoa | 1,10,20,281 | -9,61,807 | 2,43,28,651 | -4,17,66,124 | -35,304 | -1,91,11,687 | -2,51,20,050 | 4,79,53,887 | -1,76,65,193 | 2,80,48,826 | 4,22,37,274 | -1,57,86,308 | 4,85,39,380 | 5,67,350 | 2,41,34,935 | 8,72,88,240 | 7,50,18,846 | ||
| Cyprus | 29,37,83,344 | -81,68,543 | 70,27,24,451 | -29,63,72,232 | -1,04,38,614 | -6,04,34,890 | -38,59,71,358 | -22,49,43,825 | -45,78,95,512 | -16,28,97,670 | 30,38,41,443 | 5,99,85,561 | -16,18,582 | 81,77,60,834 | 42,06,22,426 | 9,86,26,452 | -43,82,407 | 7,39,60,732 | |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 54,36,401 | 1,26,35,571 | -55,94,210 | 3,12,28,457 | -2,82,38,212 | 2,09,68,671 | 2,40,71,077 | 1,65,97,644 | 1,64,76,026 | 2,75,63,663 | -1,46,21,821 | -89,45,778 | 2,62,31,234 | -26,66,961 | 7,33,45,971 | 9,87,495 | -3,79,87,043 | 3,34,17,867 | |
| Grenada | 25,30,111 | 68,20,241 | -2,74,81,179 | -1,59,93,241 | 18,82,141 | -18,98,111 | 3,15,35,435 | 1,67,93,466 | 2,75,25,390 | 94,22,129 | -67,67,518 | 3,96,66,041 | 52,32,886 | 3,63,93,094 | 5,79,01,703 | 2,81,59,474 | 3,59,63,428 | 2,31,79,230 | |
| Solomon Islands | -1,36,66,065 | 1,21,56,338 | -1,84,33,880 | 9,35,08,053 | 12,98,97,855 | 7,89,80,895 | 5,87,23,573 | 7,00,672 | 5,33,91,071 | 58,11,837 | 2,75,12,968 | 7,16,51,772 | -3,32,36,391 | 2,35,37,837 | 7,92,07,028 | -2,38,17,469 | 2,46,33,197 | 1,62,12,502 | |
| Belize | 1,54,49,382 | 5,16,16,689 | -1,14,74,083 | 49,92,113 | 1,82,12,033 | 5,54,57,325 | 11,73,22,372 | 8,48,73,141 | -10,36,72,093 | -5,92,40,684 | -6,67,00,187 | -1,69,21,256 | -1,75,26,963 | 6,87,24,696 | 7,67,55,865 | 6,16,62,977 | -98,03,499 | 1,05,59,177 | |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 88,889 | -44,09,899 | -68,06,833 | 3,32,19,147 | 4,02,53,361 | -1,36,60,587 | 3,37,61,762 | 4,78,87,587 | -5,80,482 | 4,12,87,346 | 4,41,00,133 | -38,41,350 | -3,73,566 | 1,03,81,188 | -3,55,25,992 | -4,25,30,299 | -80,82,844 | 81,47,642 | |
| Tonga | 8,81,839 | -1,72,56,056 | 16,12,30,904 | 2,17,65,133 | 2,46,59,771 | 88,59,329 | 32,01,159 | -1,69,96,574 | 2,15,30,561 | 2,87,19,746 | 1,05,02,457 | 82,20,503 | 2,42,93,867 | 5,77,88,902 | 7,18,47,517 | 2,20,95,602 | 53,48,749 | ||
| Antigua and Barbuda | -5,92,593 | -61,74,209 | 73,15,986 | -2,30,69,045 | -1,72,929 | -1,11,07,456 | 1,12,72,192 | 11,25,39,145 | 7,75,22,821 | -45,85,535 | 69,18,546 | 2,35,92,888 | -4,96,11,458 | -5,73,28,231 | 10,23,46,634 | 2,21,75,783 | -2,67,36,966 | -10,16,450 | |
| Saint Lucia | 62,98,543 | 40,73,386 | -1,58,67,778 | 2,10,87,969 | -4,91,881 | 1,64,92,245 | -3,97,91,785 | 6,78,77,830 | 6,38,34,601 | -88,06,301 | 1,83,36,495 | -3,26,40,169 | -2,20,86,755 | -5,79,09,734 | 15,55,38,373 | -4,08,29,461 | 6,13,30,780 | -1,73,74,757 | |
| Dominica | 50,48,203 | -21,97,484 | 37,19,184 | 19,37,391 | 80,11,057 | 1,33,38,002 | -47,83,369 | 1,61,30,482 | 1,83,95,559 | 9,72,78,474 | -84,92,378 | -1,94,39,988 | -3,47,08,718 | -28,06,904 | 1,74,06,629 | 1,71,05,380 | -1,85,79,959 | -2,49,90,206 | |
| Brunei Darussalam | -6,33,97,261 | 7,55,35,076 | 78,07,53,468 | 70,26,73,139 | 17,82,74,164 | 24,61,22,419 | -3,37,83,677 | 17,07,88,952 | -27,01,15,436 | -1,03,63,581 | 76,05,90,595 | -44,58,56,268 | 1,08,71,72,566 | 7,66,45,613 | -70,74,10,382 | -10,72,38,494 | |||
| Gambia | 33,93,680 | -4,19,57,165 | -34,08,230 | 4,10,49,561 | 3,69,41,357 | 57,60,353 | -2,49,60,547 | -13,85,92,301 | -7,68,52,167 | -11,34,04,358 | -3,36,87,046 | 1,70,71,223 | -75,35,411 | 24,63,64,210 | -14,53,35,784 | -13,61,74,810 | -22,87,74,147 | ||
| Trinidad and Tobago | -17,84,81,450 | 44,11,15,091 | 1,38,70,22,058 | 43,61,71,498 | 80,39,61,109 | -61,26,48,692 | 80,43,61,197 | 1,35,25,79,311 | -1,54,00,76,014 | -44,74,30,343 | -1,12,21,20,527 | -78,44,50,120 | -64,35,17,485 | 42,76,480 | -4,78,27,192 | 1,42,72,437 | -58,65,98,312 | -62,05,33,634 | |
| Bangladesh | 22,41,71,398 | -3,07,40,500 | -41,60,86,935 | 1,01,97,18,688 | -1,81,38,83,048 | 3,54,33,74,757 | 5,27,67,79,004 | 4,57,10,33,813 | 5,41,67,53,490 | 5,09,47,40,777 | 62,82,78,669 | -1,05,76,83,832 | 63,52,26,504 | 9,27,74,94,453 | 3,56,42,49,822 | -10,78,94,09,489 | -4,96,94,36,290 | -1,13,17,37,533 | |
| United Kingdom | 80,29,89,688 | 4,17,00,195 | 5,29,88,26,797 | 1,73,20,45,781 | 10,00,95,63,296 | 10,87,16,67,010 | 11,62,68,36,576 | 6,95,56,97,855 | 10,14,09,85,624 | 31,31,58,56,444 | 8,64,91,36,748 | 7,52,71,29,246 | 24,33,51,90,264 | -1,16,18,08,516 | -4,22,39,01,271 | 23,36,35,56,431 | -1,73,01,29,125 | -4,94,31,83,619 | -3,85,17,37,409 |
| Barbados | -1,33,54,000 | -4,41,39,621 | 17,80,16,297 | 2,21,85,564 | -4,76,28,975 | -1,26,80,897 | 2,80,20,540 | -15,60,69,083 | -4,43,91,584 | -6,54,88,766 | -10,65,12,454 | -24,94,86,516 | |||||||
| Papua New Guinea | 2,17,21,444 | 10,44,89,033 | -56,17,95,319 | -1,19,81,87,870 | -1,33,24,51,496 | -34,56,17,140 | -2,83,63,76,659 | -1,03,29,84,023 | -27,12,20,325 | 1,37,87,170 | 10,82,63,483 | 55,05,52,542 | 12,09,57,426 | 7,63,71,184 | 56,03,59,010 | 81,65,08,985 | -14,23,09,815 | ||
| Guyana | 4,02,01,771 | 1,43,43,011 | -19,53,47,323 | -5,47,26,373 | -11,07,61,289 | 4,93,79,813 | 2,23,41,344 | -10,98,84,067 | 20,94,152 | -1,28,32,920 | -5,62,16,150 | 5,61,81,487 | 10,47,07,960 | 4,07,08,139 | 12,16,45,948 | -3,59,58,829 | |||
| Sri Lanka | 11,57,30,526 | -36,08,29,667 | -49,84,26,935 | -2,78,19,73,571 | -3,07,18,47,979 | -2,29,93,960 | 1,56,61,30,870 | 2,26,78,24,783 | 86,06,93,526 | -34,95,72,932 | 2,60,03,30,363 | -1,25,31,93,110 | 1,05,94,694 | -1,97,71,43,702 | -2,46,02,89,883 | -1,09,40,83,797 | 1,73,82,23,456 | ||
| Botswana | 30,72,45,028 | 36,74,11,844 | 2,02,13,25,403 | -98,76,25,916 | 11,44,94,360 | -87,81,78,092 | -27,05,27,133 | 64,12,26,260 | -41,95,30,390 | -31,83,65,065 | -45,07,94,549 | -41,05,03,522 | -1,11,93,41,471 | -1,75,31,03,647 | -26,12,75,525 | 36,45,69,540 | 12,44,65,721 | ||
| Kenya | -9,25,37,543 | -72,10,340 | 11,71,99,418 | 14,15,99,623 | -1,21,16,91,650 | 1,21,58,59,744 | 39,37,27,147 | 1,37,79,46,798 | -27,25,58,579 | 10,01,19,409 | -11,66,25,211 | 97,44,15,554 | 1,09,12,95,895 | -1,42,54,18,018 | -19,26,89,053 | -2,10,99,12,028 | -95,59,17,482 | ||
| Malawi | 2,86,60,992 | 9,13,85,762 | 4,13,18,388 | 11,42,17,780 | -10,79,76,969 | -1,02,01,086 | 17,71,47,215 | 18,07,30,481 | 10,11,94,571 | -11,39,42,695 | 14,57,49,803 | -16,30,022 | 5,83,76,346 | -42,63,61,604 | -12,97,16,332 | -36,97,38,874 | 7,23,53,023 | ||
| Mauritius | 23,19,45,124 | 23,05,91,689 | -16,49,53,501 | 20,90,45,862 | 19,51,25,099 | 19,15,44,199 | 54,10,06,404 | 75,58,47,221 | 56,73,47,570 | 73,95,70,472 | 83,22,84,285 | 49,65,78,681 | 93,93,53,627 | -53,66,94,688 | 1,29,35,62,181 | -31,69,54,431 | -67,48,92,699 | ||
| United Republic of Tanzania | -12,59,54,193 | -13,30,409 | -59,47,12,519 | 34,89,18,996 | -16,00,93,770 | 29,51,25,200 | 52,29,46,607 | -24,37,87,723 | -23,11,91,654 | 33,87,68,029 | 1,64,71,83,576 | -77,27,39,354 | 58,74,00,879 | -78,12,48,653 | 1,31,68,38,877 | -1,13,74,44,530 | -29,32,19,502 | ||
| Cameroon | -87,05,58,826 | -26,57,36,574 | -39,68,59,294 | 70,49,321 | -32,61,52,369 | 11,87,03,003 | -7,06,93,306 | 13,04,72,734 | 73,80,06,926 | -1,22,49,50,809 | 40,76,24,203 | 28,71,37,473 | 24,52,11,196 | -54,48,65,251 | 48,66,10,331 | 85,51,98,265 | -59,48,07,754 | ||
| Ghana | 2,76,05,237 | -14,47,60,532 | 12,46,28,046 | 56,06,44,447 | 45,07,47,124 | -47,84,10,869 | -72,32,82,852 | -11,44,31,768 | -8,24,24,063 | 26,11,11,804 | 99,60,18,787 | -81,51,90,671 | 1,25,11,02,772 | -54,00,75,190 | 1,46,68,89,095 | -3,34,63,37,542 | 1,78,48,81,013 | ||
| Seychelles | 42,55,151 | 2,62,19,496 | -2,93,73,307 | 30,23,12,103 | 2,24,19,508 | 2,16,72,724 | 9,46,94,213 | 4,11,91,565 | 7,05,54,256 | 75,06,145 | 1,60,64,204 | 94,61,127 | 3,03,29,245 | -5,15,17,949 | 8,16,42,936 | -6,64,61,001 | 1,31,77,534 | ||
| Sierra Leone | -2,09,08,146 | 97,55,229 | -12,95,38,686 | -31,92,31,370 | -14,18,68,057 | -13,42,82,181 | -6,90,41,777 | -96,34,39,861 | -63,73,25,254 | -7,36,79,085 | -4,67,72,544 | -1,41,88,407 | 2,78,67,466 | 2,84,03,198 | 16,15,79,495 | -19,58,18,598 | -25,00,68,495 | ||
| इस्वातिनी | 1,10,59,863 | 4,62,54,883 | 11,03,001 | -23,08,61,246 | -22,01,34,374 | 15,17,99,506 | 19,53,87,652 | -2,37,10,633 | -2,37,23,324 | -2,53,00,713 | -5,50,94,475 | -5,99,24,580 | -1,33,16,860 | -1,80,51,492 | 1,45,66,536 | -5,42,46,751 | 4,46,77,171 | ||
| Kiribati | -67,46,886 | 95,04,284 | 19,71,296 | -1,68,60,173 | 1,25,64,347 | 93,99,546 | 10,78,97,488 | 4,70,59,508 | 4,81,74,068 | 2,51,49,927 | 2,69,20,120 | 6,55,81,218 | 4,70,93,488 | 2,77,17,172 | 4,14,31,963 | ||||
| Vanuatu | 46,87,593 | -1,87,66,508 | -1,13,32,100 | 60,45,554 | 1,26,34,535 | 54,12,328 | 1,00,43,031 | 1,22,82,488 | 7,54,58,611 | 3,34,18,271 | 8,15,91,962 | 4,85,77,377 | 10,27,30,344 | 7,34,69,801 | 8,65,37,086 | 1,17,14,869 | |||
| Uganda | -4,19,18,557 | -46,43,18,171 | 16,08,64,146 | -4,20,09,359 | -8,15,67,584 | 53,40,65,973 | 22,96,83,562 | 8,08,94,662 | -38,71,42,140 | 31,85,03,019 | 48,47,06,330 | -28,85,64,040 | -1,80,70,135 | 22,66,45,365 | 47,67,48,442 | -81,70,70,932 | -29,38,30,114 | ||
| Zambia | 22,18,11,827 | -1,93,28,428 | -2,08,61,55,653 | -6,64,07,163 | 10,62,01,359 | 16,57,83,528 | -26,25,91,248 | 30,09,65,773 | -44,61,91,473 | -24,98,18,523 | 1,05,46,900 | -38,88,54,808 | -9,93,22,846 | -44,23,35,846 | 1,48,47,42,262 | -1,41,24,92,727 | -2,04,78,23,005 | ||
| Tuvalu | -12,69,642 | -38,24,024 | -17,16,667 | 19,50,347 | 1,26,37,821 | 1,02,25,007 | 74,80,965 | 1,04,63,404 | 23,63,185 | 59,15,562 | 12,10,970 | 68,17,945 | 2,11,04,652 | -83,91,494 | |||||
| Rwanda | 7,20,94,715 | 23,45,81,693 | -21,24,30,889 | 22,84,98,773 | -9,04,24,191 | -2,85,34,864 | -2,22,65,249 | 8,50,57,901 | 7,07,40,163 | 11,22,59,762 | 13,61,18,769 | 19,72,32,375 | -9,70,03,258 | -8,76,53,392 | |||||
| Nauru | 13,06,748 | -13,36,679 | 48,60,273 | -8,82,753 | 89,93,933 | 14,60,482 | 21,76,942 | -73,99,541 | 1,45,40,364 | 1,14,56,548 | 1,63,10,701 | -1,62,47,911 | 4,24,16,140 | -61,97,817 |