Public expenditure on education as % of GDP is the total public expenditure (current and capital) on education expressed as a percentage of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in a given year. Public expenditure on education includes government spending on educational institutions (both public and private), education administration, and transfers/subsidies for private entities (students/households and other privates entities).
| 1970 | 1990 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | 4.1 | 5.0 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 4.8 | |
| Denmark | 6.0 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 7.2 | 8.5 | 7.6 | 7.0 | 7.7 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.0 | 5.3 | ||
| Finland | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.6 | 6.5 | ||
| France | 3.4 | 4.5 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.7 | 5.4 | ||
| Greece | 1.5 | 2.0 | 3.2 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 4.5 | 4.1 | ||
| Ireland | 4.6 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.0 | |||
| Italy | 3.4 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.2 | |||
| Luxembourg | 2.3 | 4.2 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 4.7 | ||
| Netherlands | 6.2 | 5.2 | 4.6 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.1 | |
| Spain | 1.8 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.9 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.3 | |
| Ukraine | 4.6 | 4.0 | 5.8 | 7.4 | 5.9 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.1 | 5.9 | ||
| Malta | 3.8 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 6.3 | 7.7 | 6.3 | 7.6 | 7.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.6 | 5.4 | |||
| Canada | 6.0 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.7 | 4.1 | ||
| Belgium | 5.5 | 5.8 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 6.4 | ||||
| Cyprus | 3.3 | 5.0 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 5.9 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 5.6 | 5.2 | |||
| Norway | 6.3 | 6.5 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 8.0 | 7.8 | 7.6 | 7.9 | 8.4 | 7.0 | 4.0 | ||
| Portugal | 3.6 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 4.8 | |||
| United Kingdom | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.9 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.9 | 5.0 | ||
| Bulgaria | 4.5 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 4.7 | |||
| Sweden | 5.2 | 6.7 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 7.5 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.9 | 7.6 | |||
| San Marino | 2.6 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 3.4 | ||||||
| Switzerland | 3.4 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 4.9 | |
| Turkey | 3.8 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 2.6 | |||||
| Azerbaijan | 3.9 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 3.0 | 3.6 | ||
| Czech Republic | 3.6 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.8 | ||||
| Hungary | 3.5 | 5.4 | 4.9 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.7 | ||
| Iceland | 4.3 | 6.4 | 7.3 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 7.6 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 8.6 | 8.2 | 7.1 | ||
| Monaco | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.2 | |||||||
| Poland | 5.0 | 5.4 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 4.7 | ||||
| Slovakia | 3.9 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 4.8 | ||||
| Albania | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 3.6 | 3.2 | 3.9 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 2.7 | |||
| Armenia | 2.8 | 2.7 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 0.2 | ||
| Georgia | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 1.9 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 3.7 | ||
| Germany | 4.1 | 4.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 4.5 | |||
| Estonia | 5.3 | 4.8 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 5.3 | ||||
| Latvia | 3.5 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 6.6 | 7.0 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 4.9 | 4.6 | |||
| Kazakhstan | 3.3 | 2.3 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | |||
| Kyrgyzstan | 3.5 | 4.9 | 5.8 | 6.8 | 7.4 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 6.6 | 6.2 | 7.2 | 6.8 | ||
| Lithuania | 6.0 | 4.9 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 4.3 | ||||
| Tajikistan | 2.3 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 5.3 | 5.6 | 5.0 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.8 | ||
| Slovenia | 6.1 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.4 | 5.4 | ||||
| Mongolia | 5.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 6.0 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 3.3 | 4.2 | 3.7 | |||
| Andorra | 1.6 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 1.9 | |||
| Belarus | 6.2 | 5.9 | 5.2 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 5.0 | ||
| Republic of Moldova | 4.5 | 7.2 | 7.6 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 5.9 | 6.3 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 6.2 | 6.6 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 6.3 | ||
| Romania | 2.9 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.3 | ||||
| Croatia | 6.1 | 5.4 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 4.1 | ||||
| Russian Federation | 2.9 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | |||
| Liechtenstein | 2.6 | |||||||||||||||||
| Serbia | 3.9 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 3.2 | |||||||||
| Uzbekistan | 5.8 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 6.3 | 4.9 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.5 | |||||
| Turkmenistan | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 2.7 | ||||||||||||
| United States of America | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.7 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 5.4 | ||||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 3.3 | 3.0 | 4.3 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 4.1 |