Technicians in R&D and equivalent staff are people whose main tasks require technical knowledge and experience in engineering, physical and life sciences (technicians), or social sciences and humanities (equivalent staff). They participate in R&D by performing scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts and operational methods, normally under the supervision of researchers.

Number of technicians in R&D (per million people)

20002005201020112012201320142015201620172018
Germany1,159.01,400.71,725.51,733.31,709.51,883.21,909.91,945.72,006.7
Belgium1,403.21,426.61,316.51,377.9
Bulgaria479.2491.5498.9442.2
Ireland686.7734.8670.1794.0874.51,009.21,045.91,161.91,152.01,164.6
Czech Republic711.31,342.61,515.71,619.11,739.61,788.41,873.81,825.21,828.91,957.22,186.4
Latvia266.3471.6431.8391.2
Hungary505.5455.2601.1657.5708.9787.9696.9727.4641.0770.3
Lithuania506.6429.4541.3462.5
Canada1,240.71,642.31,520.81,555.01,369.91,378.31,353.01,455.61,247.81,268.4
Austria2,169.02,373.72,579.52,648.1
Croatia395.2601.4600.9621.4617.1659.4676.5745.8638.2714.1
Cyprus279.6366.9257.2256.4236.8236.6264.5257.0271.4325.1
Estonia378.8418.3680.9662.0708.9802.1676.1675.1710.2654.8
Greece752.8585.1
Iceland2,266.91,868.21,639.52,100.92,371.5
North Macedonia114.581.582.059.6109.353.367.874.485.091.991.1
Netherlands1,514.31,421.41,326.42,037.7
Poland354.0233.2285.4359.8420.6384.7438.5443.6399.8415.3
Portugal259.9277.7377.9339.9338.2742.3709.2752.8701.0780.1
Romania292.8233.4153.3252.4251.9248.0225.1267.4275.4278.8
Russian Federation570.3516.8474.2490.5475.2483.3496.6483.6460.9451.2437.8
Slovakia666.2415.8386.2355.0383.9329.4366.5389.2412.1484.1520.6
Slovenia1,616.41,413.61,922.32,459.42,313.12,522.92,392.32,399.62,373.91,814.2
Spain627.6906.51,293.31,243.61,233.01,210.81,163.11,189.61,189.21,264.9
Switzerland2,320.92,682.82,935.22,619.7
Turkey37.370.0143.1172.3190.0198.0208.3220.5316.2353.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina52.639.740.852.166.163.767.050.9
Uzbekistan83.566.658.561.157.358.559.362.345.748.1
Malta548.6808.7974.4912.7807.2948.4765.8743.0886.0
Denmark1,988.62,260.52,123.6
France1,720.71,882.41,876.41,874.21,836.11,809.31,798.41,804.91,805.5
Luxembourg3,402.53,362.83,289.32,954.32,941.33,094.03,285.53,109.13,166.0
Republic of Moldova93.080.666.365.773.668.667.573.570.860.4
United Kingdom688.3934.31,140.11,061.31,188.21,255.51,350.01,305.4
Kazakhstan27.928.164.1176.9184.0161.8149.2123.8123.9
Serbia334.8300.0312.5324.7350.8420.3430.9410.8412.0
Sweden2,027.5
Ukraine285.0262.5238.1216.6190.8186.7178.1159.6150.1
Montenegro103.3102.2202.7129.4175.4156.2
Georgia136.6191.6173.3190.9195.4241.6
Monaco147.7