Researchers in R&D are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, or systems and in the management of the projects concerned. Postgraduate PhD students (ISCED97 level 6) engaged in R&D are included.
| 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | 3,470.7 | 4,568.6 | ||||||||||||||
| Japan | 5,102.4 | 5,322.5 | 5,117.2 | 5,123.3 | 5,048.6 | 5,166.8 | 5,351.5 | 5,198.5 | 5,232.7 | 5,319.8 | 5,339.5 | 5,376.1 | 5,450.4 | 5,589.8 | 5,629.8 | |
| Republic of Korea | 2,324.1 | 3,763.2 | 5,429.4 | 5,908.8 | 6,393.3 | 6,457.9 | 6,867.3 | 7,020.4 | 7,057.2 | 7,453.2 | 7,918.5 | 8,329.0 | 8,620.0 | 9,071.5 | 9,434.8 | |
| Belgium | 2,982.6 | 3,173.1 | 3,755.6 | 3,880.2 | 4,116.6 | 4,161.6 | 4,544.9 | 4,731.8 | 4,798.3 | 4,757.3 | 5,040.0 | 5,290.9 | 5,418.9 | 6,596.7 | 6,983.2 | |
| Czech Republic | 1,352.2 | 2,353.4 | 2,799.1 | 2,925.9 | 3,162.1 | 3,260.8 | 3,428.3 | 3,619.2 | 3,546.9 | 3,718.3 | 3,906.7 | 4,027.6 | 4,187.2 | 4,560.5 | 4,696.7 | |
| Denmark | 5,207.2 | 6,763.6 | 7,045.8 | 7,181.9 | 7,115.4 | 7,358.2 | 7,566.5 | 7,852.1 | 7,647.6 | 7,597.5 | 7,693.5 | 7,651.3 | 7,708.2 | 8,735.6 | ||
| France | 2,903.0 | 3,297.8 | 3,849.6 | 3,920.7 | 4,052.2 | 4,133.6 | 4,210.0 | 4,310.7 | 4,392.0 | 4,546.8 | 4,670.5 | 4,774.0 | 4,883.2 | 5,058.1 | 5,181.8 | |
| Hungary | 1,412.0 | 1,575.8 | 2,135.6 | 2,310.0 | 2,400.9 | 2,527.8 | 2,654.8 | 2,569.7 | 2,625.9 | 2,902.2 | 3,846.5 | 4,021.2 | 4,309.6 | 4,452.5 | 4,725.2 | |
| Italy | 1,154.7 | 1,412.6 | 1,722.7 | 1,760.6 | 1,831.3 | 1,916.3 | 1,947.3 | 2,075.8 | 2,209.6 | 2,322.4 | 2,524.3 | 2,670.7 | 2,614.7 | 2,658.9 | 2,795.5 | |
| Germany | 3,154.5 | 3,315.8 | 4,056.4 | 4,191.5 | 4,355.6 | 4,380.4 | 4,336.0 | 4,755.3 | 4,839.8 | 5,058.4 | 5,209.2 | 5,398.6 | 5,390.1 | 5,520.6 | 5,787.4 | |
| Ireland | 2,255.7 | 2,821.3 | 3,116.6 | 3,341.4 | 4,873.7 | 5,141.7 | 5,291.0 | 5,242.1 | 5,143.9 | 5,114.2 | 4,656.8 | 4,961.4 | 5,196.1 | 5,213.4 | 5,511.7 | |
| Mexico | 227.1 | 417.9 | 341.2 | 348.0 | 250.7 | 254.5 | 262.9 | 284.6 | 319.6 | 273.6 | 278.4 | 282.2 | 281.6 | 273.1 | 273.7 | 272.3 |
| Canada | 3,510.5 | 4,234.4 | 4,664.1 | 4,802.7 | 4,652.4 | 4,647.6 | 4,564.2 | 4,546.0 | 4,400.5 | 4,429.1 | 4,715.9 | 4,850.9 | 5,155.7 | 5,411.8 | ||
| New Zealand | 3,159.2 | 3,731.3 | 4,044.0 | 5,476.9 | 5,035.6 | 5,665.4 | 5,094.8 | |||||||||
| Austria | 3,470.7 | 4,379.2 | 4,430.5 | 4,720.8 | 4,782.1 | 5,009.4 | 5,073.4 | 5,400.3 | 5,416.1 | 5,682.4 | 5,958.9 | 5,829.3 | 6,323.0 | 6,658.5 | ||
| Estonia | 1,902.6 | 2,451.2 | 3,057.8 | 3,392.8 | 3,457.8 | 3,338.4 | 3,285.6 | 3,188.5 | 3,296.4 | 3,552.5 | 3,766.1 | 3,770.4 | 3,836.4 | 4,036.1 | 4,654.9 | |
| Greece | 1,787.2 | 2,217.3 | 2,236.3 | 2,655.5 | 2,733.9 | 3,196.5 | 2,726.6 | 3,250.6 | 3,416.1 | 3,644.6 | 4,008.2 | 4,244.4 | 4,926.8 | |||
| Iceland | 7,337.8 | 7,088.8 | 5,739.7 | 5,979.7 | 5,645.7 | 6,941.3 | 6,863.5 | |||||||||
| Netherlands | 2,637.9 | 2,909.0 | 3,210.0 | 3,648.1 | 4,336.1 | 4,887.4 | 4,926.1 | 4,891.8 | 5,109.2 | 5,273.2 | 5,496.8 | 5,592.1 | 5,799.3 | 6,003.9 | 6,319.2 | |
| Norway | 4,602.6 | 5,444.7 | 5,533.9 | 5,584.1 | 5,605.0 | 5,722.6 | 5,929.9 | 6,120.8 | 6,396.2 | 6,484.2 | 6,737.6 | 6,766.0 | 7,228.7 | 7,394.8 | ||
| Poland | 1,442.0 | 1,629.6 | 1,697.0 | 1,679.9 | 1,752.1 | 1,868.3 | 2,054.7 | 2,158.4 | 2,304.0 | 2,994.9 | 3,079.5 | 3,159.1 | 3,260.2 | 3,558.2 | 3,721.1 | |
| Portugal | 1,633.8 | 2,013.3 | 3,923.8 | 4,166.1 | 4,032.3 | 3,605.8 | 3,658.4 | 3,724.6 | 3,992.1 | 4,348.1 | 4,614.4 | 4,859.2 | 5,131.4 | 5,430.9 | 5,686.7 | |
| Slovakia | 1,850.5 | 2,031.1 | 2,817.4 | 2,840.9 | 2,827.1 | 2,723.2 | 2,723.7 | 2,658.9 | 2,609.1 | 2,803.1 | 3,003.4 | 3,116.8 | 3,167.4 | 3,211.1 | 3,387.5 | |
| Slovenia | 2,183.7 | 2,634.5 | 3,770.4 | 4,288.0 | 4,330.7 | 4,236.5 | 4,166.9 | 3,836.5 | 3,939.8 | 4,510.8 | 4,880.5 | 5,060.6 | 5,187.2 | 5,235.2 | 5,370.4 | |
| Spain | 1,874.1 | 2,516.2 | 2,880.0 | 2,775.3 | 2,693.4 | 2,623.6 | 2,614.4 | 2,622.5 | 2,712.7 | 2,847.4 | 2,984.3 | 3,048.2 | 3,051.6 | 3,229.6 | 3,387.5 | |
| Sweden | 6,103.3 | 5,279.2 | 5,172.5 | 5,196.7 | 6,717.6 | 6,909.5 | 6,846.1 | 7,143.4 | 7,316.6 | 7,425.7 | 7,685.8 | 7,754.6 | 8,159.8 | 8,623.7 | ||
| Switzerland | 3,643.7 | 4,497.5 | 5,308.7 | 5,257.3 | 5,561.7 | 6,021.4 | ||||||||||
| Turkey | 355.0 | 567.5 | 882.5 | 977.3 | 1,100.2 | 1,175.9 | 1,163.5 | 1,136.2 | 1,263.8 | 1,420.6 | 1,585.1 | 1,737.6 | 1,964.7 | 2,209.7 | 2,478.7 | |
| United Kingdom | 2,893.4 | 4,117.7 | 4,089.2 | 3,973.0 | 4,018.0 | 4,171.8 | 4,280.8 | 4,389.6 | 4,434.7 | 4,472.7 | ||||||
| United States of America | 3,487.8 | 3,560.3 | 3,550.1 | 3,659.1 | 3,642.6 | 3,725.8 | 3,824.0 | 3,858.0 | 3,809.1 | 3,931.6 | 4,226.8 | 4,265.9 | 4,464.1 | 4,825.2 | ||
| Luxembourg | 3,800.2 | 4,826.4 | 5,200.1 | 5,525.7 | 4,402.0 | 4,661.6 | 4,782.9 | 4,636.4 | 4,802.2 | 4,969.2 | 4,754.9 | 5,090.8 | 4,688.8 | 4,939.1 | 4,879.2 | |
| Finland | 7,558.7 | 7,740.9 | 7,442.0 | 7,492.5 | 7,222.8 | 7,022.2 | 6,856.0 | 6,543.7 | 6,731.5 | 6,872.7 | 7,245.9 | 7,548.3 | 7,870.4 | 8,073.1 | ||
| Chile | 318.2 | 352.0 | 389.9 | 334.8 | 426.8 | 455.3 | 495.4 | 494.6 | 523.7 | 507.3 | 515.3 | 638.8 |