Researchers in R&D are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, or systems and in the management of the projects concerned. Postgraduate PhD students (ISCED97 level 6) engaged in R&D are included.

Researchers in R&D (number per million people)

2000200520102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023
Australia3,4714,569
China5508578999721,0291,0801,1021,1631,2091,2361,3171,4841,6001,6861,849
Indonesia210178214215387395
Japan5,1025,3225,1175,1235,0495,1675,3525,1985,2335,3205,3405,3765,4505,5905,630
Republic of Korea2,3243,7635,4295,9096,3936,4586,8677,0207,0577,4537,9188,3298,6209,0719,435
France2,9033,2983,8503,9214,0524,1344,2104,3114,3924,5474,6714,7744,8835,0585,182
Germany3,1543,3164,0564,1924,3564,3804,3364,7554,8405,0585,2095,3995,3905,5215,787
Italy1,1551,4131,7231,7611,8311,9161,9472,0762,2102,3222,5242,6712,6152,6592,796
Russian Federation3,4463,2063,0723,1093,0753,0503,0733,0962,9472,8122,7732,7352,7102,6622,684
Turkey3555688839771,1001,1761,1641,1361,2641,4211,5851,7381,9652,2102,479
United Kingdom2,8934,1184,0893,9734,0184,1724,2814,3904,4354,473
Argentina7148171,1191,1751,1981,1931,2021,2261,2541,2061,2211,2251,2501,2881,296
Brazil299516696749801853903
Mexico227418341348251254263285320274278282282273274272
Saudi Arabia5127949581,121
Canada3,5104,2344,6644,8034,6524,6484,5644,5464,4004,4294,7164,8515,1565,412
United States of America3,4883,5603,5503,6593,6433,7263,8243,8583,8093,9324,2274,2664,4644,825
India111135156214250259
South Africa351360382401430428467482517501480460455444